Some effects of exposure of the Japanese quail embryo to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation.
← Research streamQuail eggs exposed 4 hr/day during the first 5 incubation days at 2450 MHz (30 mW/cm^2; absorbed power 14 mW/g) showed no great changes in body weight, gross malformations, rbc, wbc, hematocrit, hemoglobin, differential wbc percentages, or hatch percentage co…
Study snapshot
Abstract
Exposure of quail eggs 4 hr per day during the first 5 incubation days at 2450 MHz and in an exposure field of 30 mW/cm-2 and at an absorbed power of 14 mW/g does not cause any great change in body weight, observed gross malformations, rbc, wbc, hematocrit, hemoglobin, or differential wbc percentages. If small differences exist in these parameters due to microwave exposure, they are obscured by the large variability between individual quail. This variability is believed to partially result from changing blood values in the developing young quail, and the 2-day spread in ages at the time of sacrifice could account for some of the variability. The overall hatch percentages for the exposed and control eggs were approximately equal. A slight significant decrease (11%) in hemoglobin was noted in the birds irradiated on Day 2. Additional verification, however, is needed, because the observed change is less than the normal range of values observed in young quail. These data do suggest, however, that exposure of developing Japanese quail embryo to microwave radiation of the frequency and power density level used in this study does not preclude normal systemic development, hematologic differentiation, or the general hardiness of the hatched quail.
AI evidence extraction
Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.
Main findings
Quail eggs exposed 4 hr/day during the first 5 incubation days at 2450 MHz (30 mW/cm^2; absorbed power 14 mW/g) showed no great changes in body weight, gross malformations, rbc, wbc, hematocrit, hemoglobin, differential wbc percentages, or hatch percentage compared with controls. A slight significant decrease (~11%) in hemoglobin was noted in birds irradiated on Day 2, but the authors state additional verification is needed because the change was less than the normal range observed in young quail.
Outcomes measured
- body weight
- gross malformations
- red blood cell count (rbc)
- white blood cell count (wbc)
- hematocrit
- hemoglobin
- differential wbc percentages
- hatch percentage
- systemic development/hematologic differentiation/general hardiness (as described)
Limitations
- Sample size not reported in abstract
- Large inter-individual variability may obscure small differences
- 2-day spread in ages at sacrifice could contribute to variability
- Hemoglobin decrease finding noted as needing additional verification and within normal range
View raw extracted JSON
{
"study_type": "animal",
"exposure": {
"band": "microwave",
"source": null,
"frequency_mhz": 2450,
"sar_wkg": 14,
"duration": "4 hr/day during the first 5 incubation days"
},
"population": "Japanese quail embryos (quail eggs)",
"sample_size": null,
"outcomes": [
"body weight",
"gross malformations",
"red blood cell count (rbc)",
"white blood cell count (wbc)",
"hematocrit",
"hemoglobin",
"differential wbc percentages",
"hatch percentage",
"systemic development/hematologic differentiation/general hardiness (as described)"
],
"main_findings": "Quail eggs exposed 4 hr/day during the first 5 incubation days at 2450 MHz (30 mW/cm^2; absorbed power 14 mW/g) showed no great changes in body weight, gross malformations, rbc, wbc, hematocrit, hemoglobin, differential wbc percentages, or hatch percentage compared with controls. A slight significant decrease (~11%) in hemoglobin was noted in birds irradiated on Day 2, but the authors state additional verification is needed because the change was less than the normal range observed in young quail.",
"effect_direction": "mixed",
"limitations": [
"Sample size not reported in abstract",
"Large inter-individual variability may obscure small differences",
"2-day spread in ages at sacrifice could contribute to variability",
"Hemoglobin decrease finding noted as needing additional verification and within normal range"
],
"evidence_strength": "low",
"confidence": 0.78,
"peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
"keywords": [
"Japanese quail",
"embryo",
"incubation",
"microwave radiation",
"2.45 GHz",
"2450 MHz",
"power density",
"30 mW/cm^2",
"absorbed power",
"14 mW/g",
"hematology",
"hemoglobin",
"hatch percentage",
"malformations"
],
"suggested_hubs": []
}AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.
Identifiers and source
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb36012.x
PubMed: 1054240
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