Effect on the immune system of mice exposed chronically to 50 Hz amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwaves

{
  "study_type": "animal",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "microwave",
    "source": null,
    "frequency_mhz": 2450,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "6 days, 3 h/day (CW exposure); duration for AM exposure not explicitly stated"
  },
  "population": "Male and female Balb/c mice",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Immune response",
    "Number of antibody-producing cells in spleen",
    "Spleen index"
  ],
  "main_findings": "In male Balb/c mice, continuous-wave 2.45 GHz exposure (6 days, 3 h/day) increased the number of antibody-producing spleen cells by 37%. Amplitude-modulated exposure (50 Hz square wave modulation of 2.45 GHz) increased spleen index by 15% and antibody-producing cell number by 55% in males; no changes were observed in females.",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [
    "Sample size not reported in the provided abstract/metadata",
    "Exposure intensity/dose (e.g., SAR, power density) not reported",
    "Duration details for the amplitude-modulated exposure not explicitly stated",
    "Findings reported as sex-specific (effects in males only)"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "mice",
    "Balb/c",
    "microwave",
    "2.45 GHz",
    "amplitude modulation",
    "50 Hz",
    "immune system",
    "antibody-producing cells",
    "spleen index",
    "sex differences"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}