Inhibition of proliferation of human lymphoma cells U937 by a 50 Hz electromagnetic field.

{
  "study_type": "in_vitro",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "ELF",
    "source": "Helmholtz coils (PEMF/sinusoidal field)",
    "frequency_mhz": 5e-05,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "4 days"
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Cell proliferation/cell division",
    "Cell death/viability"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Human histiocytic lymphoma cells (U937) exposed to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field (0.3–4.7 mT) for 4 days showed no difference vs control at 0.3–2 mT. Stronger fields (≥2.5 mT) inhibited cell division, and fields ≥3.5 mT reportedly killed ≥80% of cells at the starting density (1.5×10^5/ml).",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [
    "In vitro study (cell line), not directly generalizable to humans.",
    "Sample size/replication not reported in the abstract.",
    "Exposure characterization is limited to frequency and flux density range; other parameters (e.g., waveform details beyond sinusoidal, exposure uniformity) not provided in the abstract.",
    "Mechanism is speculative in the abstract (\"may be\" electromagnetically induced cell death)."
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "ELF",
    "50 Hz",
    "pulsating electromagnetic field",
    "PEMF",
    "Helmholtz coils",
    "magnetic flux density",
    "mT",
    "U937",
    "human lymphoma cells",
    "cell proliferation",
    "cell death"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "elf-emf",
      "weight": 0.9,
      "reason": "In vitro exposure to 50 Hz (ELF) magnetic field with mT flux densities."
    }
  ]
}