Impact of various electromagnetic fields on the transdermal permeability of naproxen and the effect of active compound exposure on magnetic field properties.

European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V · 2025 · Mixed · Low evidence

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MixedLow evidencePaper 5901

Study snapshot

PublicationEuropean journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V · 2025

Study typein_vitro

Reported directionMixed

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Transdermal drug delivery systems present a promising alternative to oral administration, though improving skin permeability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remains challenging. This study examines how various electromagnetic fields (EMFs) affect the transdermal permeability of naproxen (NAP) and its physicochemical properties. Using pigskin as a model, NAP permeability was tested under oscillating, pulsed, static, and rotating magnetic fields (RMF), compared to a control group without EMF exposure. The results show significant differences in NAP permeability depending on EMF type, with RMF at 50 Hz yielding the highest cumulative permeation mass (CPM) of 1461.40 ± 256.15 µg/cm, compared to 267.57 ± 41.74 µg/cm for the control. RMF 50 Hz also maximized steady-state flux (J) and permeability coefficient (K), highlighting its potential for enhanced transdermal delivery. Conversely, static magnetic fields with negative polarization reduced permeation, showing a complex interaction between magnetic fields and skin permeability. The study also found that RMF treatments lowered NAP skin accumulation, improving permeation efficiency. Physicochemical analyses (FTIR, XRD, solubility, and lipophilicity) revealed that while EMF exposure did not significantly change NAP's crystal structure, it did affect solubility and partition coefficient. This research highlights the potential of optimizing EMF parameters to enhance transdermal drug delivery and provides insights into the physicochemical interactions between EMFs and active compounds. The findings suggest that rotating magnetic fields, particularly at 50 Hz, offer the most significant improvement in drug permeability, which could be beneficial for developing advanced transdermal delivery systems.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typein_vitro

Effect directionmixed

PopulationNot supplied

Sample sizeNot supplied

ExposureELF

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 74% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Using pigskin, naproxen permeability differed significantly by EMF type. Rotating magnetic field (RMF) at 50 Hz produced the highest cumulative permeation mass (1461.40 ± 256.15 µg/cm) versus control without EMF (267.57 ± 41.74 µg/cm), and also maximized steady-state flux and permeability coefficient; RMF lowered naproxen skin accumulation. Static magnetic fields with negative polarization reduced permeation, and EMF exposure did not significantly change crystal structure but affected solubility and partition coefficient.

Outcomes measured

Transdermal permeability of naproxen (cumulative permeation mass)
Steady-state flux (J)
Permeability coefficient (K)
Naproxen skin accumulation
Physicochemical properties of naproxen (FTIR, XRD, solubility, lipophilicity/partition coefficient)

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "in_vitro",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "ELF",
    "source": "magnetic field (oscillating, pulsed, static, rotating)",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Transdermal permeability of naproxen (cumulative permeation mass)",
    "Steady-state flux (J)",
    "Permeability coefficient (K)",
    "Naproxen skin accumulation",
    "Physicochemical properties of naproxen (FTIR, XRD, solubility, lipophilicity/partition coefficient)"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Using pigskin, naproxen permeability differed significantly by EMF type. Rotating magnetic field (RMF) at 50 Hz produced the highest cumulative permeation mass (1461.40 ± 256.15 µg/cm) versus control without EMF (267.57 ± 41.74 µg/cm), and also maximized steady-state flux and permeability coefficient; RMF lowered naproxen skin accumulation. Static magnetic fields with negative polarization reduced permeation, and EMF exposure did not significantly change crystal structure but affected solubility and partition coefficient.",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.74,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "transdermal drug delivery",
    "naproxen",
    "pigskin",
    "electromagnetic fields",
    "magnetic fields",
    "rotating magnetic field",
    "50 Hz",
    "permeability",
    "steady-state flux",
    "permeability coefficient",
    "FTIR",
    "XRD",
    "solubility",
    "lipophilicity",
    "partition coefficient"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "engineering",
      "weight": 0.55,
      "reason": "Study tests different magnetic field modalities to modify transdermal drug permeation and physicochemical properties."
    }
  ]
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2025.114715
PubMed: 40414684

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