Assessment of Electromagnetic Exposure Levels for Humans from Electric Vehicle DC Charging Stations

Sensors (Basel) · 2025 · No effect · Low evidence

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No effectLow evidencePaper 2536

Study snapshot

PublicationSensors (Basel) · 2025

Study typeexposure_assessment

Reported directionNo effect

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Category: Environmental Health Physics Tags: electromagnetic fields, electric vehicle charging, human exposure, DC charging station, health risk, ICNIRP limits, public safety DOI: 10.3390/s25185735 URL: mdpi.com Overview This study investigates the potential health risks of electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by DC charging piles used for electric vehicles, by quantifying internal exposure in humans. Realistic adult and child human models were exposed to electromagnetic fields generated by the transformer in the DC/DC circuit of a charging pile. The assessment employed a simulation model, developed in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2, which included vehicle body, charging pile, and transformer to calculate the magnetic induction intensity (B-field) and electric field intensity (E-field) in various human organs at distances of 0.1 m, 0.3 m, and 0.6 m from the source. - Peak B-field and E-field at 0.1 m from the pile for adults: 1.91 μT and 447 mV/m (1.91% & 2.07% of ICNIRP occupational limits; 7.07% & 4.14% of public limits). - For a child: 2.31 μT and 259 mV/m (8.56% & 2.40% of public limits). - In-vehicle occupant exposure (adult driver/child passenger) during charging: below 0.024 μT and under 6 mV/m, well beneath public ICNIRP limits. - Frequency analysis (85 kHz, 90 kHz, 95 kHz) shows B-field decreases with frequency, while E-field remains relatively unchanged due to shielding effects. Findings All measured electromagnetic exposure levels for both occupational and public scenarios were found to be within established ICNIRP safety standards. There was a strong negative relationship between distance from the charging pile and internal exposure level in the body. Analyses across different frequencies reinforce the finding that EMF exposure levels remain below regulated exposure limits. Conclusion - Standing close to a DC charging pile exposes humans to EMF values significantly below international safety thresholds. - Occupants inside vehicles during charging experience minimal exposure, far under any health limit criteria. - This research provides a crucial scientific basis to guide public standards for EMF exposure from DC charging stations, aiding in public health protection strategies. - Further work is warranted for sensitive populations (e.g., pregnant women, adolescents), multi-source environments, and real-world measurement validation. It is important for all stakeholders to understand the relationship between electromagnetic field exposure and health risk to ensure ongoing safety evaluation as new EMF sources and population sensitivities are recognized.

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AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeexposure_assessment

Effect directionno_effect

PopulationRealistic adult and child human models (simulation)

Sample sizeNot supplied

Exposureunknown

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Using COMSOL simulations of adult and child human models near a DC charging pile transformer, peak fields at 0.1 m were reported as 1.91 μT and 447 mV/m for adults and 2.31 μT and 259 mV/m for a child, expressed as percentages of ICNIRP occupational/public limits. In-vehicle occupant exposure during charging was reported as below 0.024 μT and under 6 mV/m. Across assessed distances and frequencies (85–95 kHz), exposures decreased with distance and remained within ICNIRP safety standards.

Outcomes measured

Magnetic induction intensity (B-field) in/around human organs
Electric field intensity (E-field) in/around human organs
Comparison to ICNIRP occupational and public exposure limits
Distance-dependent exposure (0.1 m, 0.3 m, 0.6 m)
Frequency-dependent exposure (85 kHz, 90 kHz, 95 kHz)

Limitations

Simulation-based assessment (COMSOL) rather than real-world measurements
Only adult and child models assessed; further work suggested for sensitive populations (e.g., pregnant women, adolescents)
Further work suggested for multi-source environments
Further work suggested for real-world measurement validation

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "exposure_assessment",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "unknown",
    "source": "electric vehicle DC charging station",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": "Realistic adult and child human models (simulation)",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Magnetic induction intensity (B-field) in/around human organs",
    "Electric field intensity (E-field) in/around human organs",
    "Comparison to ICNIRP occupational and public exposure limits",
    "Distance-dependent exposure (0.1 m, 0.3 m, 0.6 m)",
    "Frequency-dependent exposure (85 kHz, 90 kHz, 95 kHz)"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Using COMSOL simulations of adult and child human models near a DC charging pile transformer, peak fields at 0.1 m were reported as 1.91 μT and 447 mV/m for adults and 2.31 μT and 259 mV/m for a child, expressed as percentages of ICNIRP occupational/public limits. In-vehicle occupant exposure during charging was reported as below 0.024 μT and under 6 mV/m. Across assessed distances and frequencies (85–95 kHz), exposures decreased with distance and remained within ICNIRP safety standards.",
  "effect_direction": "no_effect",
  "limitations": [
    "Simulation-based assessment (COMSOL) rather than real-world measurements",
    "Only adult and child models assessed; further work suggested for sensitive populations (e.g., pregnant women, adolescents)",
    "Further work suggested for multi-source environments",
    "Further work suggested for real-world measurement validation"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "electromagnetic fields",
    "electric vehicle charging",
    "DC charging station",
    "human exposure",
    "COMSOL Multiphysics",
    "magnetic induction intensity",
    "electric field intensity",
    "ICNIRP limits",
    "public safety",
    "occupational exposure"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "occupational-exposure",
      "weight": 0.55,
      "reason": "Abstract reports comparisons to ICNIRP occupational limits and discusses occupational vs public scenarios."
    },
    {
      "slug": "who-icnirp",
      "weight": 0.7,
      "reason": "Exposure levels are explicitly evaluated against ICNIRP limits."
    }
  ]
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.3390/s25185735
PubMed: Not supplied

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