Public exposure to broadband electromagnetic fields and its association with population density and building density: The case study of Beijing

2023 · Unclear · Low evidence

← Research stream

UnclearLow evidencePaper 420

Study snapshot

Publicationmanual · 2023

Study typeexposure_assessment

Reported directionUnclear

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Public exposure to broadband electromagnetic fields and its association with population density and building density: The case study of Beijing Song X, Han M, Chen Y, Yue Y. Public exposure to broadband electromagnetic fields and its association with population density and building density: The case study of Beijing. Heliyon. 2023 Jun 20;9(6):e17153. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17153 Abstract The gradual increase in electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure levels poses a potential threat to human health and the normal operation of electronic systems. In order to know the environmental EMF conditions, measurements were carried out on roads of about 400 km in the urban area of Beijing, China. The measurement results show that the electric field strength of about 89% of the sampling points is within 3 V/m, and the electric field strength of other sampling points is relatively high. Combined with further spectrum analysis, it was found that the electric field strength of one road section exceeded the national standard limits. In addition, to help quickly identify the general condition of the environmental EMF, a set of procedures for mining the association rules between the electric field strength and population density and building density is proposed in this paper. The final association rules show that the electric field strength is usually lower than 1.5 V/m in areas with medium or lower population density and areas with low building density; the electric field strength in areas with extremely high population density and areas with high building density is usually 1.5-4 V/m; while the electric field strength higher than 4 V/m mainly occurs in areas with extremely high population density. It is recommended to focus on strengthening the monitoring of EMF in areas with extremely high population density, and at the same time continuously pay attention to the trend of the urban EMF levels, so as to achieve early warning and treatment of relevant risks. Open access paper: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeexposure_assessment

Effect directionunclear

PopulationNot supplied

Sample sizeNot supplied

Exposurebroadband · Measurements carried out on roads of about 400 km in the urban area of Beijing, China

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 74% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Road-based measurements across ~400 km in urban Beijing found electric field strength at ~89% of sampling points was within 3 V/m, with other points relatively higher. Spectrum analysis indicated one road section exceeded national standard limits. Association-rule analysis suggested electric field strength is usually <1.5 V/m in medium-or-lower population density and low building density areas, typically 1.5–4 V/m in extremely high population density and high building density areas, and >4 V/m mainly in extremely high population density areas.

Outcomes measured

Environmental/public electric field strength (V/m)
Proportion of sampling points within 3 V/m
Exceedance of national standard limits (one road section)
Association rules between electric field strength and population density
Association rules between electric field strength and building density

Limitations

Frequency range(s) of the broadband measurements not stated in the abstract
Measurement instrument(s), sampling point count, and timing not stated in the abstract
National standard referenced but not specified in the abstract
No health outcomes assessed; study focuses on environmental exposure levels and correlates

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "exposure_assessment",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "broadband",
    "source": null,
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "Measurements carried out on roads of about 400 km in the urban area of Beijing, China"
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Environmental/public electric field strength (V/m)",
    "Proportion of sampling points within 3 V/m",
    "Exceedance of national standard limits (one road section)",
    "Association rules between electric field strength and population density",
    "Association rules between electric field strength and building density"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Road-based measurements across ~400 km in urban Beijing found electric field strength at ~89% of sampling points was within 3 V/m, with other points relatively higher. Spectrum analysis indicated one road section exceeded national standard limits. Association-rule analysis suggested electric field strength is usually <1.5 V/m in medium-or-lower population density and low building density areas, typically 1.5–4 V/m in extremely high population density and high building density areas, and >4 V/m mainly in extremely high population density areas.",
  "effect_direction": "unclear",
  "limitations": [
    "Frequency range(s) of the broadband measurements not stated in the abstract",
    "Measurement instrument(s), sampling point count, and timing not stated in the abstract",
    "National standard referenced but not specified in the abstract",
    "No health outcomes assessed; study focuses on environmental exposure levels and correlates"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.74,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "electromagnetic fields",
    "broadband EMF",
    "electric field strength",
    "environmental exposure",
    "public exposure",
    "spectrum analysis",
    "population density",
    "building density",
    "Beijing",
    "road measurements",
    "association rules"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "exposure-mapping",
      "weight": 0.82,
      "reason": "Road-based measurements mapping environmental electric field strength across an urban area and relating levels to urban density metrics."
    },
    {
      "slug": "urban-exposure",
      "weight": 0.7,
      "reason": "Case study links EMF levels with population density and building density in Beijing."
    }
  ]
}

AI can be wrong. Always verify against the paper.

AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17153
PubMed: Not supplied

Read the original paper →

Related papers

← Back to the Research Library