Shark preferences: Only subtle effects of electromagnetic field exposure and substrate type on small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) behaviour

2026 · Mixed · Low evidence

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MixedLow evidencePaper 6929

Study snapshot

Publicationmanual · 2026

Study typeanimal

Reported directionMixed

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Offshore wind energy plays a crucial role in the transition to low-carbon power generation. The expansion of offshore wind farms (OWFs) introduces anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from subsea power cables. Elasmobranchs, including sharks and rays, are sensitive to natural electric and magnetic fields used for navigation and prey detection, making them potentially vulnerable to anthropogenic EMFs as they may alter orientation, foraging or habitat use. Coastal shelf seas, where most OWFs are constructed, often overlap with essential elasmobranch habitats, including complex biogenic structures such as mussel beds that provide foraging and refuge opportunities. We aimed to determine whether exposure to an AC-EMF representative of subsea power cables and/or complex mussel substrate over non-complex substrate influences behaviour and substrate preferences in juvenile small-spotted catsharks (Scyliorhinus canicula). This study investigated the behavioural responses of 14 juvenile S. canicula exposed to a gradient of alternating current (AC) EMF (max. RMS 2 μT) and complex biogenic mussel substrate in a 2×2 factorial design in a circular preference chamber. Across 28 trials, time spent and distance travelled in each quadrant did not differ with EMF exposure and/or the presence of complex biogenic substrate. Hidden Markov models revealed subtle but significant changes in behavioural states (inactive, local activity, transit), where sharks were more inactive (+6%pt.) and less locally active (−5%pt.) in the EMF + mussel quadrant compared to the bare and EMF-only quadrants, and increased transiting behaviour (+6%pt.) in the mussel-only quadrant relative to the EMF + mussel quadrant. These findings show that S. canicula juveniles show no preference in substrate or alternating-current EMF exposure, but they did subtly change their behaviour. Future work should examine direct-current systems and field-based tracking and assess the extent to which these observations generalise to field settings and other elasmobranchs.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeanimal

Effect directionmixed

PopulationJuvenile small-spotted catsharks (Scyliorhinus canicula)

Sample size14

ExposureNot supplied

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 97% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Across 28 trials, time spent and distance travelled did not differ by AC-EMF exposure or mussel substrate, indicating no preference. Hidden Markov models identified subtle behavioural changes: sharks were more inactive and less locally active in the EMF-plus-mussel quadrant, while transiting behaviour was higher in the mussel-only quadrant than in the EMF-plus-mussel quadrant.

Outcomes measured

Time spent in chamber quadrants
Distance travelled in chamber quadrants
Substrate preference
EMF exposure preference
Behavioural states: inactive, local activity, and transit

Limitations

Only 14 juvenile sharks were studied.
The experiment used a controlled circular preference chamber rather than field-based tracking.
Only an alternating-current EMF condition was examined; direct-current systems were not tested.
Generalisability to field settings and other elasmobranch species was not established.

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "animal",
  "exposure": {
    "band": null,
    "source": "subsea power cables associated with offshore wind farms",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": "Juvenile small-spotted catsharks (Scyliorhinus canicula)",
  "sample_size": 14,
  "outcomes": [
    "Time spent in chamber quadrants",
    "Distance travelled in chamber quadrants",
    "Substrate preference",
    "EMF exposure preference",
    "Behavioural states: inactive, local activity, and transit"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Across 28 trials, time spent and distance travelled did not differ by AC-EMF exposure or mussel substrate, indicating no preference. Hidden Markov models identified subtle behavioural changes: sharks were more inactive and less locally active in the EMF-plus-mussel quadrant, while transiting behaviour was higher in the mussel-only quadrant than in the EMF-plus-mussel quadrant.",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [
    "Only 14 juvenile sharks were studied.",
    "The experiment used a controlled circular preference chamber rather than field-based tracking.",
    "Only an alternating-current EMF condition was examined; direct-current systems were not tested.",
    "Generalisability to field settings and other elasmobranch species was not established."
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.97,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "electromagnetic fields",
    "AC-EMF",
    "subsea power cables",
    "offshore wind farms",
    "small-spotted catshark",
    "Scyliorhinus canicula",
    "elasmobranch behaviour",
    "mussel substrate",
    "substrate preference",
    "Hidden Markov models"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1111/jfb.70583
PubMed: 42517296

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