Effects of electromagnetic fields on flatfish activity levels.

Marine pollution bulletin · 2026 · Mixed · Low evidence

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MixedLow evidencePaper 4337

No evidence of attraction or avoidance to EMF was found. Continuous EMF exposure removed normal diurnal activity rhythms in flounder, causing sustained activity throughout the trial. EMF-exposed fish were more likely to transit at sunset compared to controls.

Study snapshot

PublicationMarine pollution bulletin · 2026

Study typerandomized_trial

Reported directionMixed

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

The offshore renewable energy industry is expanding rapidly due to decarbonisation commitments and need for energy security. This will change the marine environment in ways that are not fully understood, including more subsea power cables in the sea. Movement of electricity through these cables generates an electromagnetic field (EMF), which might affect marine species. To aid in ensuring the industry expands sustainably, this study aims to improve our understanding of how flatfish might be affected by EMFs. Behaviour of 61 European flounder (Platichthys flesus) was recorded in a large tank, with one section exposed to EMF. Two types of common EMFs were generated at realistic levels (alternating current [AC] maximum ca. 15 μT RMS and direct current [DC] maximum ca. 19.6 μT). A small pilot study was also conducted using 15 European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Results from blind video analysis showed no evidence of attraction, avoidance, or differences in behaviours inside vs outside the EMF. In control trials, flounder were more active during the day compared to the hour before sunset until the end of the trial. Continuous exposure to EMF removed this rhythm, with flounder exposed to EMF staying active throughout the trial period. At sunset, EMF-exposed fish were at least twice as likely to be transiting compared to control. Further research is needed to determine what the underlying cause(s) might be, and whether these results happen through a full 24-hour cycle, are comparable to the wild, or lead to long term impacts.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typerandomized_trial

Effect directionmixed

PopulationEuropean flounder (Platichthys flesus) and European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)

Sample size76

Exposurecontinuous exposure during trial period

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 50% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Outcomes measured

activity levels
behavioural rhythms
attraction or avoidance to EMF

Limitations

small pilot sample for plaice
study conducted in tank, not wild
only partial daily cycle observed
long-term impacts unknown

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "randomized_trial",
  "exposure": {
    "band": null,
    "source": "subsea power cables",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "continuous exposure during trial period"
  },
  "population": "European flounder (Platichthys flesus) and European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)",
  "sample_size": 76,
  "outcomes": [
    "activity levels",
    "behavioural rhythms",
    "attraction or avoidance to EMF"
  ],
  "main_findings": "No evidence of attraction or avoidance to EMF was found. Continuous EMF exposure removed normal diurnal activity rhythms in flounder, causing sustained activity throughout the trial. EMF-exposed fish were more likely to transit at sunset compared to controls.",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [
    "small pilot sample for plaice",
    "study conducted in tank, not wild",
    "only partial daily cycle observed",
    "long-term impacts unknown"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.5,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "electromagnetic fields",
    "flatfish",
    "European flounder",
    "European plaice",
    "marine environment",
    "behaviour",
    "renewable energy",
    "subsea power cables"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "occupational-exposure",
      "weight": 0.1,
      "reason": "EMF exposure from subsea power cables relevant to marine species, not occupational but environmental exposure."
    }
  ]
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118652
PubMed: 40914098

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