Environmental radiofrequency exposure and genotoxic biomarkers in schoolchildren: a cross-sectional analysis

Scientific Reports · 2026 · Harm · Low evidence

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HarmLow evidencePaper 6902

Study snapshot

PublicationScientific Reports · 2026

Study typecross_sectional

Reported directionHarm

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Environmental exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation from mobile phone base stations (MPBS) has raised concerns regarding potential biological effects, particularly in children. This cross-sectional study examined the associations between ambient RF exposure and micronuclei (MN) frequency, a biomarker of genomic instability, among 200 primary schoolchildren. Environmental RF power density (S, µW/cm²) was measured at eight schools located at varying distances from MPBS, and buccal mucosa samples were analyzed for MN frequency. Exploratory analyses showed that RF radiation levels were inversely correlated with distance from MPBS (r = - 0.740, p < 0.001), while MN frequency was positively correlated with measured RF levels (r = 0.850, p < 0.001). Primary inferential analyses were performed using linear mixed-effects models with school included as a random intercept to account for clustering, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and environmental covariates. Higher RF power density and shorter distance from MPBS remained statistically associated with higher MN frequency, with consistent findings observed in sensitivity analyses using distance from MPBS as an alternative exposure parameter. All measured RF levels were below current international public exposure guidelines. These findings suggest that variation in ambient RF exposure in school environments may be associated with MN frequency in children. Given the cross-sectional design and school-level exposure assessment, the results should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typecross_sectional

Effect directionharm

PopulationPrimary schoolchildren from eight schools located at varying distances from mobile phone base stations

Sample size200

ExposureRF

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 98% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Measured RF power density was positively correlated with micronuclei frequency, and RF levels were inversely correlated with distance from mobile phone base stations. In adjusted linear mixed-effects models, higher RF power density and shorter distance from base stations were statistically associated with higher micronuclei frequency; all measured RF levels were below current international public exposure guidelines.

Outcomes measured

Buccal mucosa micronuclei frequency
Genomic instability biomarker

Limitations

Cross-sectional design
Exposure assessed at the school level
Findings characterized as exploratory and hypothesis-generating

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "cross_sectional",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": "mobile phone base station",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": "Primary schoolchildren from eight schools located at varying distances from mobile phone base stations",
  "sample_size": 200,
  "outcomes": [
    "Buccal mucosa micronuclei frequency",
    "Genomic instability biomarker"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Measured RF power density was positively correlated with micronuclei frequency, and RF levels were inversely correlated with distance from mobile phone base stations. In adjusted linear mixed-effects models, higher RF power density and shorter distance from base stations were statistically associated with higher micronuclei frequency; all measured RF levels were below current international public exposure guidelines.",
  "effect_direction": "harm",
  "limitations": [
    "Cross-sectional design",
    "Exposure assessed at the school level",
    "Findings characterized as exploratory and hypothesis-generating"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.98,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "radiofrequency radiation",
    "mobile phone base stations",
    "schoolchildren",
    "micronuclei",
    "genotoxicity",
    "genomic instability",
    "buccal mucosa",
    "environmental exposure",
    "power density"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-60822-1
PubMed: 42426191

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