Protective effect of procyanidins extracted from the lotus seedpod on immune function injury induced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2016 · Mixed · Low evidence

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MixedLow evidencePaper 4837

Study snapshot

PublicationBiomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2016

Study typeanimal

Reported directionMixed

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Lotus seedpod procyanidins (LSPCs) from extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure (50Hz, 8mT, 28 days) and their protective mechanism against radiation damage. The results showed that LSPCs increased the organ index of mice and made the damaged blood-producing function and cytokine(INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 in spleen) levels by ELF-EMF-irradiation recovered to normal appearance. And experimental results proved that dosing LSPCs inhibit more stagnation of splenocytes in G0/G1 phase caused by ELF-EMF, thus the spleen cells from G0/G1 phase to S phase shift, restore normal cell metabolism, promote the splenocytes proliferation, reduced the apoptosis of spleen cells, effective protect the damage induced by the ELF-EMF radiation. In addition, LSPCs prevented the decline of DNA content caused by ELF-EMF. Western blot determinated the levels of apoptosis genes including Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-cl, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. The results revealed that a significant suppression in Bcl-2 expression and increase in Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 expression in splenic cells in ELF-EMF group. However, LSPCs restored these changes. Taking these results together, it may be summarized that LSPCs could protect hematopoietic tissues and the immune system from ELF-EMF. And it may be hypothesized that ELF-EMF-induced apoptosis in splenocytes might occur via triggers the trans-activation of Bax and activates caspases-3 and -9, which then cleaves the death substrates, leading to apoptosis in splenocytes of mice treated with ELF-EMF.

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AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeanimal

Effect directionmixed

PopulationMice

Sample sizeNot supplied

ExposureELF · 0.05 MHz · 28 days

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

In mice exposed to ELF-EMF (50 Hz, 8 mT, 28 days), lotus seedpod procyanidins (LSPCs) increased organ index and restored ELF-EMF-associated changes in hematopoietic function and spleen cytokine levels toward normal. LSPCs reduced ELF-EMF-associated splenocyte G0/G1 arrest, promoted proliferation, reduced apoptosis, prevented decline in DNA content, and reversed ELF-EMF-associated changes in apoptosis-related proteins (restoring Bcl-2 and reducing Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 changes).

Outcomes measured

Organ index
Hematopoietic (blood-producing) function
Spleen cytokine levels (INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10)
Splenocyte cell cycle distribution (G0/G1 to S phase shift)
Splenocyte proliferation
Splenocyte apoptosis
DNA content in splenocytes
Apoptosis-related protein expression (Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-cl, Caspase-3, Caspase-9)

Limitations

Sample size not reported in abstract
Study is in mice; human relevance not established in abstract
Intervention study (LSPCs) rather than exposure-only effects

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "animal",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "ELF",
    "source": null,
    "frequency_mhz": 0.05,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "28 days"
  },
  "population": "Mice",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Organ index",
    "Hematopoietic (blood-producing) function",
    "Spleen cytokine levels (INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10)",
    "Splenocyte cell cycle distribution (G0/G1 to S phase shift)",
    "Splenocyte proliferation",
    "Splenocyte apoptosis",
    "DNA content in splenocytes",
    "Apoptosis-related protein expression (Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-cl, Caspase-3, Caspase-9)"
  ],
  "main_findings": "In mice exposed to ELF-EMF (50 Hz, 8 mT, 28 days), lotus seedpod procyanidins (LSPCs) increased organ index and restored ELF-EMF-associated changes in hematopoietic function and spleen cytokine levels toward normal. LSPCs reduced ELF-EMF-associated splenocyte G0/G1 arrest, promoted proliferation, reduced apoptosis, prevented decline in DNA content, and reversed ELF-EMF-associated changes in apoptosis-related proteins (restoring Bcl-2 and reducing Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 changes).",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [
    "Sample size not reported in abstract",
    "Study is in mice; human relevance not established in abstract",
    "Intervention study (LSPCs) rather than exposure-only effects"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "extremely low frequency electromagnetic field",
    "ELF-EMF",
    "50 Hz",
    "8 mT",
    "mice",
    "immune function",
    "hematopoietic function",
    "spleen",
    "cytokines",
    "apoptosis",
    "procyanidins",
    "lotus seedpod"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.021
PubMed: 27470374

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