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Expression of ornithine decarboxylase during the transport of saquinavir across the blood-brain barrier using composite polymeric nanocarriers under an electromagnetic field.

Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 2011 · Mixed · Low evidence

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MixedLow evidencePaper 4445

SQV permeability and ODC expression were highest with an amplitude-modulated EMF, intermediate with a frequency-modulated EMF, and lowest with no EMF. At 0.04% PEI, amplitude-modulated EMF increased nanoparticle uptake by 2.38-fold and ODC expression by 2.72-…

Study snapshot

PublicationColloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 2011
Study typein_vitro
Reported directionMixed
Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

The expression of human ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and permeability of saquinavir (SQV) across the blood-brain barrier were studied using nanoparticles (NPs) composed of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly-(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI). SQV was encapsulated in the particle core to traverse a monolayer of human brain-microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) with the regulation of human astrocytes under an electromagnetic field (EMF). An increase in the weight percentage of PEI enhanced the particle size, zeta potential, and permeability of SQV. However, the viability of HBMECs reduced when the weight percentage of PEI increased. In addition, an increment in the molecular weight of γ-PGA enhanced the particle size and viability of HBMECs, and reduced the zeta potential. The permeability of SQV and expression of ODC were in the order: an EMF with amplitude modulation (AM)>an EMF with frequency modulation>no EMF. At 0.04% PEI, the AM EMF increased 2.38 times the uptake of NPs and 2.72 times the expression of ODC. The combination of PEI/γ-PGA/PLGA NPs and EMF can be an innovative strategy for delivering SQV into the brain.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typein_vitro
Effect directionmixed
PopulationHuman brain-microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) in a blood-brain barrier model with regulation of human astrocytes
Sample sizeNot supplied
ExposureNot supplied
Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 74% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

SQV permeability and ODC expression were highest with an amplitude-modulated EMF, intermediate with a frequency-modulated EMF, and lowest with no EMF. At 0.04% PEI, amplitude-modulated EMF increased nanoparticle uptake by 2.38-fold and ODC expression by 2.72-fold. Increasing PEI increased SQV permeability but reduced HBMEC viability; increasing γ-PGA molecular weight increased particle size and HBMEC viability and reduced zeta potential.

Outcomes measured

  • Permeability of saquinavir (SQV) across a BBB cell model
  • Nanoparticle uptake
  • Expression of human ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)
  • HBMEC viability
  • Nanoparticle size
  • Zeta potential

Limitations

  • No EMF frequency, intensity, or exposure duration reported in the abstract
  • In vitro BBB model; findings may not generalize to in vivo blood-brain barrier transport
  • Sample size and statistical details not reported in the abstract
View raw extracted JSON
{
  "study_type": "in_vitro",
  "exposure": {
    "band": null,
    "source": "electromagnetic field (modulated)",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": "Human brain-microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) in a blood-brain barrier model with regulation of human astrocytes",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Permeability of saquinavir (SQV) across a BBB cell model",
    "Nanoparticle uptake",
    "Expression of human ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)",
    "HBMEC viability",
    "Nanoparticle size",
    "Zeta potential"
  ],
  "main_findings": "SQV permeability and ODC expression were highest with an amplitude-modulated EMF, intermediate with a frequency-modulated EMF, and lowest with no EMF. At 0.04% PEI, amplitude-modulated EMF increased nanoparticle uptake by 2.38-fold and ODC expression by 2.72-fold. Increasing PEI increased SQV permeability but reduced HBMEC viability; increasing γ-PGA molecular weight increased particle size and HBMEC viability and reduced zeta potential.",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [
    "No EMF frequency, intensity, or exposure duration reported in the abstract",
    "In vitro BBB model; findings may not generalize to in vivo blood-brain barrier transport",
    "Sample size and statistical details not reported in the abstract"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.74,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "electromagnetic field",
    "amplitude modulation",
    "frequency modulation",
    "blood-brain barrier",
    "HBMEC",
    "astrocytes",
    "nanoparticles",
    "PLGA",
    "gamma-PGA",
    "PEI",
    "saquinavir",
    "ornithine decarboxylase",
    "permeability",
    "uptake",
    "viability"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}
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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.07.053
PubMed: 21855303

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