RF Safe

Impact of Anthropomorphic Shape and Skin Stratification on Absorbed Power Density in mmWaves Exposure Scenarios

Sensors (Basel) · 2025 · Mixed · Insufficient evidence

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MixedInsufficient evidencePaper 2584

Using FDTD simulations at 28 GHz, absorbed power density (APD) estimates were higher with a stratified skin model than with a homogeneous dermis model for a wearable patch antenna exposure (reported increases 16% to 30%, especially in the female body model). …

Study snapshot

PublicationSensors (Basel) · 2025
Study typeengineering
Reported directionMixed
Evidence ratingInsufficient

Abstract

Category: Bioelectromagnetics, Dosimetry Tags: mmWave, absorbed power density, skin stratification, wearable technology, FDTD simulation, RF exposure, dosimetry DOI: 10.3390/s25144461 URL: mdpi.com Overview As data exchange demands increase in widespread wearable technologies, there is a transition to higher bandwidths and mmWave frequencies (30-300 GHz), which raises valid concerns about radiofrequency (RF) exposure risks. At such elevated frequencies, human skin becomes the principal tissue of interest for RF power absorption because electromagnetic field (EMF) penetration is predominantly superficial. Study Purpose - To assess the impact of different skin models on the estimation of absorbed power density (APD) during mmWave exposure. - This study utilizes FDTD simulations on two realistic human models: - (i) Skin modeled with a two-layer structure (stratum corneum, viable epidermis and dermis layers). - (ii) Skin modeled as a homogeneous dermis stratum. - APD results are compared to those from standard flat phantom (test dummy) models, both with and without skin stratification. Findings - Exposure assessment was performed using two sources: - A wearable patch antenna - A plane wave - Frequency: All exposure scenarios were conducted at 28 GHz. - For the wearable antenna, absorbed power density levels were always higher in the stratified skin model compared to the homogeneous skin model, with percentage increases from 16% up to 30%. This effect was especially strong in the female body model. - For the plane wave exposure, the differences in absorbed power density between skin models were less pronounced, remaining below 11%. Conclusion The structure and modeling of human skin significantly influences numerical dosimetric assessments at mmWave frequencies commonly used by modern wireless and wearable technologies. Failure to account for skin stratification can substantially underestimate true exposure levels, particularly with wearable device sources. This work underscores the connection between EMF modeling choices and the potential health risks in mmWave RF exposure scenarios.

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AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeengineering
Effect directionmixed
PopulationNot supplied
Sample sizeNot supplied
ExposuremmWave · 28000 MHz
Evidence strengthInsufficientConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Using FDTD simulations at 28 GHz, absorbed power density (APD) estimates were higher with a stratified skin model than with a homogeneous dermis model for a wearable patch antenna exposure (reported increases 16% to 30%, especially in the female body model). For plane-wave exposure at 28 GHz, APD differences between skin models were smaller (reported as below 11%).

Outcomes measured

  • absorbed power density (APD)
  • dosimetric estimation differences by skin model (stratified vs homogeneous)
  • comparison with flat phantom models
View raw extracted JSON
{
  "study_type": "engineering",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "mmWave",
    "source": "wearable technology",
    "frequency_mhz": 28000,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "absorbed power density (APD)",
    "dosimetric estimation differences by skin model (stratified vs homogeneous)",
    "comparison with flat phantom models"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Using FDTD simulations at 28 GHz, absorbed power density (APD) estimates were higher with a stratified skin model than with a homogeneous dermis model for a wearable patch antenna exposure (reported increases 16% to 30%, especially in the female body model). For plane-wave exposure at 28 GHz, APD differences between skin models were smaller (reported as below 11%).",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [],
  "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "mmWave",
    "28 GHz",
    "absorbed power density",
    "APD",
    "skin stratification",
    "stratum corneum",
    "FDTD simulation",
    "dosimetry",
    "wearable patch antenna",
    "plane wave",
    "flat phantom"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "5g-policy",
      "weight": 0.55,
      "reason": "Study focuses on 28 GHz mmWave exposure scenarios relevant to 5G/mmWave deployments and wearable devices."
    }
  ]
}
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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.3390/s25144461
PubMed: Not supplied

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