RF Safe

Prolonged 3.5 GHz and 24 GHz RF-EMF Exposure Alters Testicular Immune Balance, Apoptotic Gene Expression, and Sperm Function in Rats

Biomedicines · 2025 · Harm · Low evidence

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HarmLow evidencePaper 2515

At 24 GHz, IL-10 was reduced at both exposure durations, TNF-α was reduced after 7 hours/day, and sperm concentration and viability were reduced after 7 hours/day. At 3.5 GHz, Casp3 increased and Tp53 decreased after 1 hour/day, while sperm motility was reduc…

Study snapshot

PublicationBiomedicines · 2025
Study typeanimal
Reported directionHarm
Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Category: Reproductive Toxicology Tags: RF-EMF, 5G, testicular function, apoptosis, sperm quality, immune response, reproductive health DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13102471 URL: mdpi.com Overview The rapid expansion of 5G technology has increased concerns about the reproductive effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), particularly at mid-band (3.5 GHz) and millimeter-wave (24 GHz) frequencies. This study investigates how RF-EMF exposure affects testicular cytokines, apoptosis-related gene expression, and sperm quality in male rats. Methods - Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) were subjected to either 3.5 GHz or 24 GHz RF-EMF exposure for 60 days. - Exposure durations were set at 1 hour/day and 7 hours/day. Sham controls received identical housing but no exposure. - The study measured: - Testicular cytokines: IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α - Apoptosis genes: Tp53, Bax, Bcl2, Casp3 (mRNA levels) - Sperm concentration, viability, and motility Findings - IL-10 significantly decreased in the 24 GHz-exposed groups for both 1-h and 7-h daily exposures. - TNF-α was also reduced at 24 GHz after 7 hours of daily exposure. - Casp3 expression increased and Tp53 decreased at 3.5 GHz (1-h duration). - Sperm concentration and viability were diminished at 24 GHz (7-h exposure), while sperm motility dropped at 3.5 GHz at both durations. Conclusion Chronic RF-EMF exposure at frequencies used in 5G technology leads to impaired sperm function via immune imbalance and activation of pro-apoptotic pathways. Notably, longer daily exposure increased the severity of all negative effects. There is a clear biological link between prolonged electromagnetic field exposure and adverse male reproductive health, underlying an important EMF safety concern for public awareness and further research.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeanimal
Effect directionharm
PopulationMale Sprague Dawley rats
Sample sizeNot supplied
ExposureRF (mid-band and millimeter-wave) · 60 days, 1 or 7 hours/day
Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 95% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

At 24 GHz, IL-10 was reduced at both exposure durations, TNF-α was reduced after 7 hours/day, and sperm concentration and viability were reduced after 7 hours/day. At 3.5 GHz, Casp3 increased and Tp53 decreased after 1 hour/day, while sperm motility was reduced at both durations.

Outcomes measured

  • Testicular IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression
  • Testicular Tp53, Bax, Bcl2, and Casp3 mRNA expression
  • Sperm concentration
  • Sperm viability
  • Sperm motility

Limitations

  • Animal study, limiting direct inference to humans
  • Small group size of six rats per group
  • Total sample size was not stated
  • SAR or other exposure-intensity measurements were not reported in the abstract
View raw extracted JSON
{
  "study_type": "animal",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF (mid-band and millimeter-wave)",
    "source": "experimental RF-EMF exposure",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "60 days, 1 or 7 hours/day"
  },
  "population": "Male Sprague Dawley rats",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Testicular IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression",
    "Testicular Tp53, Bax, Bcl2, and Casp3 mRNA expression",
    "Sperm concentration",
    "Sperm viability",
    "Sperm motility"
  ],
  "main_findings": "At 24 GHz, IL-10 was reduced at both exposure durations, TNF-α was reduced after 7 hours/day, and sperm concentration and viability were reduced after 7 hours/day. At 3.5 GHz, Casp3 increased and Tp53 decreased after 1 hour/day, while sperm motility was reduced at both durations.",
  "effect_direction": "harm",
  "limitations": [
    "Animal study, limiting direct inference to humans",
    "Small group size of six rats per group",
    "Total sample size was not stated",
    "SAR or other exposure-intensity measurements were not reported in the abstract"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.95,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "5G",
    "RF-EMF",
    "3.5 GHz",
    "24 GHz",
    "millimeter wave",
    "male reproduction",
    "testis",
    "sperm quality",
    "sperm motility",
    "sperm viability",
    "cytokines",
    "apoptosis",
    "rats"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}
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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines13102471
PubMed: Not supplied

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