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Micromachined mmWave 28.0/38.0 GHz MIMO antenna loaded with frequency selective surface for gain enhancement and SAR analysis for future wireless applications.

PloS one · 2026 · Unclear · Insufficient evidence

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UnclearInsufficient evidencePaper 2397

A four-port micromachined mmWave MIMO antenna on Rogers substrate achieved measured bandwidths of 26.45–29.27 GHz and 37.04–39.12 GHz with >20 dB isolation. An 11×11 hexagonal-ring FSS placed below the antenna increased peak gain by 5.16 dBi, and the design w…

Study snapshot

PublicationPloS one · 2026
Study typeengineering
Reported directionUnclear
Evidence ratingInsufficient

Abstract

The presented work describes the four-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designed on Rogers substrate with a thickness of 0.787 mm. The core of the MIMO antenna includes a hexagonal-patch etched by a rectangular slot and an etched hexagonal-ring in full-ground, which are printed on opposite surfaces, generating measured millimeter-wave (mmWave) bandwidth of 26.45 GHz-29.27 GHz and 37.04 GHz-39.12 GHz. The dielectric material is micromachined, and the four-port radiating elements maintain isolation of more than 20.0 dB with an overall size of 17.0 mm × 22.0 mm × 0.787 mm. The novel 11 × 11 hexagonal-ring frequency-selective-surface (FSS) is placed below the MIMO antenna, enhancing the peak-gain by 5.16 dBi with a size of 42.50 mm × 42.50 mm printed on Rogers5880 0.787 mm thickness. The MIMO antenna also features good diversity-performance with ECCmmWave-FSS < 0.18, DGmmWave-FSS > 9.995 dB, TARCmmWave-FSS < -4.76 dB, and CCLmmWave-FSS < 0.30 b/s/Hz. The cumulative features with dual millimeter wave bands, enhanced peak-realized gain, suppressed back-lobe radiations, and good diversity performance make the proposed MIMO antenna loaded with FSS suitable for 5G, satellite-communication, IoT, and smart cities applications. The MIMO antenna loaded with FSS is also subjected for SAR analysis for input power of 50 mW and 500 mW.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeengineering
Effect directionunclear
PopulationNot supplied
Sample sizeNot supplied
ExposuremmWave
Evidence strengthInsufficientConfidence: 74% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

A four-port micromachined mmWave MIMO antenna on Rogers substrate achieved measured bandwidths of 26.45–29.27 GHz and 37.04–39.12 GHz with >20 dB isolation. An 11×11 hexagonal-ring FSS placed below the antenna increased peak gain by 5.16 dBi, and the design was subjected to SAR analysis at 50 mW and 500 mW input power.

Outcomes measured

  • Antenna bandwidth (26.45–29.27 GHz; 37.04–39.12 GHz)
  • Isolation (>20 dB)
  • Peak realized gain enhancement (with FSS)
  • Diversity metrics (ECC, DG, TARC, CCL)
  • Back-lobe radiation suppression
  • SAR analysis at input powers 50 mW and 500 mW

Limitations

  • No SAR values or compliance comparison reported in the abstract
  • No biological/health outcomes or exposed population described
View raw extracted JSON
{
  "study_type": "engineering",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "mmWave",
    "source": "antenna (MIMO) for wireless applications",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Antenna bandwidth (26.45–29.27 GHz; 37.04–39.12 GHz)",
    "Isolation (>20 dB)",
    "Peak realized gain enhancement (with FSS)",
    "Diversity metrics (ECC, DG, TARC, CCL)",
    "Back-lobe radiation suppression",
    "SAR analysis at input powers 50 mW and 500 mW"
  ],
  "main_findings": "A four-port micromachined mmWave MIMO antenna on Rogers substrate achieved measured bandwidths of 26.45–29.27 GHz and 37.04–39.12 GHz with >20 dB isolation. An 11×11 hexagonal-ring FSS placed below the antenna increased peak gain by 5.16 dBi, and the design was subjected to SAR analysis at 50 mW and 500 mW input power.",
  "effect_direction": "unclear",
  "limitations": [
    "No SAR values or compliance comparison reported in the abstract",
    "No biological/health outcomes or exposed population described"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
  "confidence": 0.74,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "mmWave",
    "28 GHz",
    "38 GHz",
    "MIMO antenna",
    "frequency selective surface (FSS)",
    "gain enhancement",
    "SAR analysis",
    "5G",
    "satellite communication",
    "IoT",
    "smart cities"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "5g-policy",
      "weight": 0.2,
      "reason": "Mentions suitability for 5G applications and mmWave bands (28/38 GHz), but the paper is primarily antenna engineering rather than policy."
    }
  ]
}
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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0342022
PubMed: 41650007

Read the original paper →

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