RF Safe

Exposure to radiation from single or combined radio frequencies provokes macrophage dysfunction in the RAW 264.7 cell line

2018 · Harm · Low evidence

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HarmLow evidencePaper 2085

NO production increased after 48 h exposure at 2450 MHz versus controls. Combined 900+2450 MHz exposure increased HSP70 after 48 h and increased NO and TNF-α after 72 h; phagocytic activity decreased in all exposure groups as exposure time increased.

Study snapshot

Publicationmanual · 2018
Study typein_vitro
Reported directionHarm
Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Exposure to radiation from single or combined radio frequencies provokes macrophage dysfunction in the RAW 264.7 cell line López-Furelos A, Salas-Sánchez AA, Ares-Pena FJ, Leiro-Vidal JM, López-Martín E. Exposure to radiation from single or combined radio frequencies provokes macrophage dysfunction in the RAW 264.7 cell line. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Apr 30:1-12. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1465610. Abstract PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to radiation from single or multiple radio- frequency (RF) signals at 900 and 2450 MHz would induce effects in the RAW 264.7 cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell cultures were exposed to single or combined RF for 4, 24, 48, or 72 h in a GTEM electromagnetic test chamber. At the end of the radiation exposure time, viability and cell growth were analyzed by flow cytometry, nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by colorimetry, the expression of HSP70 and TNF-α was ascertained by qPCR, and the phagocytic activity was observed by microscopy. RESULTS: NO production increased after 48 h exposure at 2450 MHz, compared with controls. The group subjected to the combined interaction of two RFs showed an increase of HSP70 after 48 h exposure and a significant increase of NO and TNF-α after 72 h. The phagocytic activity of macrophages decreased in all groups as exposure time increased. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated a decrease in phagocytic activity and an increase in inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cytotoxic responses in macrophages after continuous and combined exposure of multiple RF signals. Multiple RF interact in everyday life, the immune response in humans is unknown. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typein_vitro
Effect directionharm
PopulationRAW 264.7 macrophage cell line (cell cultures)
Sample sizeNot supplied
ExposureRF · 4, 24, 48, or 72 h
Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

NO production increased after 48 h exposure at 2450 MHz versus controls. Combined 900+2450 MHz exposure increased HSP70 after 48 h and increased NO and TNF-α after 72 h; phagocytic activity decreased in all exposure groups as exposure time increased.

Outcomes measured

  • Cell viability
  • Cell growth
  • Nitric oxide (NO) production
  • HSP70 expression
  • TNF-α expression
  • Phagocytic activity

Limitations

  • Sample size not reported in abstract
  • Exposure metric (e.g., SAR) not reported in abstract
  • In vitro model; relevance to human immune response stated as unknown
View raw extracted JSON
{
  "study_type": "in_vitro",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": null,
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "4, 24, 48, or 72 h"
  },
  "population": "RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line (cell cultures)",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Cell viability",
    "Cell growth",
    "Nitric oxide (NO) production",
    "HSP70 expression",
    "TNF-α expression",
    "Phagocytic activity"
  ],
  "main_findings": "NO production increased after 48 h exposure at 2450 MHz versus controls. Combined 900+2450 MHz exposure increased HSP70 after 48 h and increased NO and TNF-α after 72 h; phagocytic activity decreased in all exposure groups as exposure time increased.",
  "effect_direction": "harm",
  "limitations": [
    "Sample size not reported in abstract",
    "Exposure metric (e.g., SAR) not reported in abstract",
    "In vitro model; relevance to human immune response stated as unknown"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "radiofrequency",
    "900 MHz",
    "2450 MHz",
    "combined exposure",
    "GTEM chamber",
    "RAW 264.7",
    "macrophage",
    "phagocytosis",
    "nitric oxide",
    "HSP70",
    "TNF-α",
    "inflammation"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}
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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1465610
PubMed: Not supplied

Read the original paper →

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