The Effect of Prenatal Exposure to 2.4 GHz Radio Frequency on the Histology and Expression of the osteocalcin and RUNX2 Gene of the Forelimb in an NMRI Mouse

2019 · Harm · Low evidence

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HarmLow evidencePaper 1644

No macroscopic teratogenic effects were observed in forelimbs across groups. Stereological analysis indicated decreased bone and cartilage volume in the exposed (experimental) group versus control/sham, and RT-PCR showed lower osteocalcin and RUNX2 expression…

Study snapshot

Publicationmanual · 2019

Study typeanimal

Reported directionHarm

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

The Effect of Prenatal Exposure to 2.4 GHz Radio Frequency on the Histology and Expression of the osteocalcin and RUNX2 Gene of the Forelimb in an NMRI Mouse Amandokht Saghezchi S, Azad N, Heidari R, Jajarmi V, Abdi S, Abaszadeh HA, Sadjadpour SS, Neikoei N, Heidari MH, Abdollahifar MA. The Effect of Prenatal Exposure to 2.4 GHz Radio Frequency on the Histology and Expression of the osteocalcin and RUNX2 Gene of the Forelimb in an NMRI Mouse. J Lasers Med Sci. 2019 Fall;10(4):283-289. doi: 10.15171/jlms.2019.46. Abstract Introduction: Today the use of electromagnetic waves has dramatically increased in modern industrial societies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal exposure to 2.4 GHz wireless frequency on forelimb development in an NMRI mouse in vivo. Methods: A total of 21 female mice weighing 25-30 g were included in the present study. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups, namely control (n=7), sham (n=7), and experimental (n=7). After mating, the experimental group was exposed to 2.4 GHz radio frequency at a distance of 20-30 cm from the device, 4 h/d until the delivery. The sham group was placed at a distance of 20-30 cm from the device every day without exposure to electromagnetic waves, and the control group had a pregnancy period without any stress and electromagnetic wave exposure. After giving birth, the forelimbs were isolated from the infants and examined by stereological studies and RT-PCR for the evaluation of osteocalcin and RUNX2 gene expression. Results: Although, at first glance, there was no macroscopic teratogen effect in forelimbs in all groups, via a stereological method, we showed that bone and cartilage volume decreased in the experimental group compared to the other groups. We also found that the experimental group had lower expression of the osteocalcin and RUNX2 gene than the control and sham groups did. However, there were no significant differences between the control and sham groups in terms of bone and cartilage volume and gene expression. Conclusion: Although teratogen effect of prenatal exposure to 2.4 GHz radio frequency on forelimbs was not demonstrated macroscopically, further studies showed negative effects on the forelimb bone, cartilage volume, and gene expression. The exposure apparatus was a wireless router (CISCO, EA6300V1, China) that applied 2.4 GHz wireless frequency for 21 days and 4 h/d. Open access paper: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeanimal

Effect directionharm

PopulationPregnant NMRI mice and offspring (forelimbs of infants examined after birth)

Sample size21

ExposureRF · 2400 MHz · Prenatal (gestation); 21 days, 4 h/day; device distance 20–30 cm

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Outcomes measured

Forelimb macroscopic teratogenic effects
Forelimb bone volume (stereology)
Forelimb cartilage volume (stereology)
Osteocalcin gene expression (RT-PCR)
RUNX2 gene expression (RT-PCR)

Limitations

No SAR or dosimetry metrics reported (only distance and device type).
Small group sizes (n=7 per group).
Exposure described as from a specific router model; generalizability to other RF sources/settings unclear.

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "animal",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": "wi-fi router",
    "frequency_mhz": 2400,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "Prenatal (gestation); 21 days, 4 h/day; device distance 20–30 cm"
  },
  "population": "Pregnant NMRI mice and offspring (forelimbs of infants examined after birth)",
  "sample_size": 21,
  "outcomes": [
    "Forelimb macroscopic teratogenic effects",
    "Forelimb bone volume (stereology)",
    "Forelimb cartilage volume (stereology)",
    "Osteocalcin gene expression (RT-PCR)",
    "RUNX2 gene expression (RT-PCR)"
  ],
  "main_findings": "No macroscopic teratogenic effects were observed in forelimbs across groups. Stereological analysis indicated decreased bone and cartilage volume in the exposed (experimental) group versus control/sham, and RT-PCR showed lower osteocalcin and RUNX2 expression in the exposed group; control and sham did not differ significantly.",
  "effect_direction": "harm",
  "limitations": [
    "No SAR or dosimetry metrics reported (only distance and device type).",
    "Small group sizes (n=7 per group).",
    "Exposure described as from a specific router model; generalizability to other RF sources/settings unclear."
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "prenatal exposure",
    "2.4 GHz",
    "radiofrequency",
    "Wi-Fi",
    "wireless router",
    "NMRI mouse",
    "forelimb development",
    "bone volume",
    "cartilage volume",
    "osteocalcin",
    "RUNX2",
    "RT-PCR",
    "stereology"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "school-wi-fi",
      "weight": 0.6,
      "reason": "Exposure source is a 2.4 GHz wireless router (Wi‑Fi)."
    }
  ]
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2019.46
PubMed: Not supplied

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