Electromagnetic radiation reduction using novel metamaterial for cellular applications

2021 · Mixed · Low evidence

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MixedLow evidencePaper 1144

Study snapshot

Publicationmanual · 2021

Study typeengineering

Reported directionMixed

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Electromagnetic radiation reduction using novel metamaterial for cellular applications Ahmed Mahfuz Tamim, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Mohammad Tariqul Islam, David Andrew Bradley. Electromagnetic radiation reduction using novel metamaterial for cellular application. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 178,108976. 2021. doi.org. Highlights • A novel ELC resonator-based metamaterial is developed to reduce the specific absorption rate (SAR) on the mobile phone. • Peak SAR investigated for three categories of modern smartphone usages- voice calling, messaging, and video calling. • The proposed metamaterial can decrease a significant amount of SAR. • Thus, the metamaterial can be helpful to protect the human head from harmful radiation. Abstract Excessive exposure to radiation has an adverse impact on human health, as an increase in body temperature may damage human organs or tissues, including the brain, eyes, and skin. Hence, this study assessed the effect of overexposure of radiation on the human head by analysing specific absorption rate (SAR) and reduction of SAR through the use of novel metamaterial (MTM). The SAR reduction was performed for GSM 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands. A high-frequency electromagnetic simulator was employed throughout this study. The SAR investigation was performed on the head model for three categories of usage, namely voice calling, messaging, and video calling. This study looked into the impact on SAR of various free space distances between mobile phone and head model. A novel electric field driven LC (ELC) resonator-based MTM was used to reduce SAR. Based on the properties of the tissue, the rate of tissue absorption escalated with an increase in radiated power, especially when the distance between head and mobile phone decreased. The study outcomes signified that MTM could decrease a significant amount of SAR. This is beneficial to protect the human body from harmful radiation, wherein the distance from the device in biological effect should be maintained. Excerpts Even if the tissue temperature is too little even to consider causing any harm, it is associated with electric fields that may harm the biological cells by an unknown non-thermal mechanism. Table 1 lists some biological criticalness due to absorbed radiation, as reported by the World Health Organisation (WHO) (Staebler, 2017).... In this era of 4G, 5G, and 6G, temperature and SAR values of the brain, the eyes, and the skin tissues have been greatly affected by the induced heating of 4G or 5G mobile phone radiation (Christopher et al., 2020b). Based on several techniques of SAR reduction of mobile phones (Hossain et al., 2014; Rosaline and Raghavan, 2016; Lee and Lee, 2017; Kwak et al., 2011; Faruque and Islam, 2013), using metamaterials as the middle layer appears to be an effective approach. Metamaterials (MTMs) refer to artificial metal-dielectric composite structure materials that gain its electrical properties from its structure, instead of inheriting them directly from the materials it is composed of. This material has some unique properties that are absent in naturally formed substances. These MTMs are assembled from individual elements that are significantly smaller in typical size than the electromagnetic waves working wavelength (Smith et al., 2004; Kadic et al., 2013). The recent MTM studies not only focus on the varied wideband operations (Hasan et al., 2016; Islam et al., 2019), but also look into more superior applications, including MTM antenna (Hasan et al., 2018), cloaking (Islam et al., 2016), MTM absorber (Hasan et al., 2017a), and filter (Alam et al., 2019) etc.... Conclusion This paper presents a detailed numerical investigation of the absorbed electromagnetic radiation by the head from a modern smartphone for three usages, namely voice calling, messaging, and video calling. For SAR calculation, a novel PIFA [ planar inverted-F] antenna was operated at GSM 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands. Next, an ELC resonator-based MTM was developed and placed in the middle layer between the radiation patch and the substrate of the PIFA antenna to reduce the radiation exposure of the antenna, wherein the SAR decreased for all configurations stated in this study. It was observed that the radiation emitted from voice calling, messaging, and video calling applications had affected the inner ear, chin, and nose the most, respectively. The highest radiation absorbed by the head is when one uses the mobile phone for voice calling application. The absorbed radiation increased the temperature substantially, thus harming the biological tissues of a human. The distances between the smartphone and the different organs of the head for varying usages had been investigated as well. This highlights the fact that safety precautions should be adopted to stay safe from modern smartphone radiation. sciencedirect.com

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeengineering

Effect directionmixed

PopulationNot supplied

Sample sizeNot supplied

ExposureRF

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 74% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Using a high-frequency electromagnetic simulator and a head model, the study reports that an ELC resonator-based metamaterial placed within a PIFA antenna design reduced modeled SAR at GSM 900 and 1800 MHz across voice calling, messaging, and video calling configurations. The authors report higher absorption when the phone is closer to the head and with higher radiated power, and state that voice calling produced the highest absorbed radiation among the modeled usage categories.

Outcomes measured

Specific absorption rate (SAR) in head model
Modeled tissue absorption vs distance and radiated power
Modeled temperature increase (heating)

Limitations

Numerical/simulation study using a head model rather than measurements in humans
No quantitative SAR reduction values or statistical details provided in the abstract/excerpts
Frequencies limited to GSM 900 and 1800 MHz; generalization to other bands (e.g., 4G/5G) not established in the provided text
Health impact statements extend beyond modeled SAR/temperature outcomes in the provided text

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "publication_year": null,
  "study_type": "engineering",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": "mobile phone",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Specific absorption rate (SAR) in head model",
    "Modeled tissue absorption vs distance and radiated power",
    "Modeled temperature increase (heating)"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Using a high-frequency electromagnetic simulator and a head model, the study reports that an ELC resonator-based metamaterial placed within a PIFA antenna design reduced modeled SAR at GSM 900 and 1800 MHz across voice calling, messaging, and video calling configurations. The authors report higher absorption when the phone is closer to the head and with higher radiated power, and state that voice calling produced the highest absorbed radiation among the modeled usage categories.",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [
    "Numerical/simulation study using a head model rather than measurements in humans",
    "No quantitative SAR reduction values or statistical details provided in the abstract/excerpts",
    "Frequencies limited to GSM 900 and 1800 MHz; generalization to other bands (e.g., 4G/5G) not established in the provided text",
    "Health impact statements extend beyond modeled SAR/temperature outcomes in the provided text"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.74,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "stance": "concern",
  "stance_confidence": 0.72,
  "summary": "This engineering simulation study modeled SAR in a head model for smartphone use (voice calling, messaging, video calling) at GSM 900 and 1800 MHz. It reports that an ELC resonator-based metamaterial integrated into a PIFA antenna reduced modeled SAR across configurations, with higher absorption at closer distances and higher radiated power. The authors frame the findings as supporting precautions and potential protection from “harmful radiation.”",
  "key_points": [
    "The work is a numerical investigation using a high-frequency electromagnetic simulator and a head model.",
    "SAR was evaluated for three smartphone usage categories: voice calling, messaging, and video calling.",
    "Simulations were conducted at GSM 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands.",
    "An ELC resonator-based metamaterial was designed and placed between the radiation patch and substrate to reduce SAR.",
    "The study reports SAR increased as the phone-to-head distance decreased and as radiated power increased.",
    "Voice calling was reported as the usage with the highest absorbed radiation in the head model.",
    "The authors conclude the metamaterial reduced SAR for all modeled configurations and emphasize safety precautions."
  ],
  "categories": [
    "RF Exposure",
    "Cell Phones",
    "Dosimetry & SAR",
    "Engineering & Mitigation"
  ],
  "tags": [
    "Metamaterial",
    "ELC Resonator",
    "Specific Absorption Rate",
    "SAR Reduction",
    "Head Model",
    "Numerical Simulation",
    "PIFA Antenna",
    "GSM 900",
    "GSM 1800",
    "Phone-To-Head Distance",
    "Voice Calling",
    "Messaging",
    "Video Calling"
  ],
  "keywords": [
    "metamaterial",
    "ELC resonator",
    "SAR",
    "specific absorption rate",
    "head model",
    "PIFA antenna",
    "GSM 900 MHz",
    "1800 MHz",
    "mobile phone",
    "simulation"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "cell-phones",
      "weight": 0.95,
      "reason": "Study models SAR from smartphones and proposes a mitigation approach for mobile phone exposure."
    }
  ],
  "social": {
    "tweet": "Simulation study: an ELC resonator-based metamaterial integrated into a PIFA antenna design is reported to reduce modeled head SAR for smartphone use at GSM 900/1800 MHz across voice calling, messaging, and video calling configurations.",
    "facebook": "A numerical head-model study reports that a novel ELC resonator-based metamaterial integrated into a smartphone antenna design reduced modeled SAR at GSM 900 and 1800 MHz for voice calling, messaging, and video calling, with higher absorption at closer distances.",
    "linkedin": "Engineering simulation in Radiation Physics and Chemistry reports an ELC resonator-based metamaterial integrated into a PIFA antenna reduced modeled head SAR for smartphone usage scenarios at GSM 900/1800 MHz, highlighting distance and radiated power as key determinants of absorption."
  }
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108976
PubMed: Not supplied

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