Modelling and Evaluating Electromagnetic Field Exposure in the Multiple-Source Scenario of Using IoT HF RFID Readers

2022 · Mixed · Low evidence

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MixedLow evidencePaper 884

Numerical modelling evaluated SAR and induced electric field (Ein) for scenarios mimicking HF RFID reader use on a public bus. The modelling suggested that continuous EMF absorption may have a significant influence when PICC reading ranges exceed 15–23 cm for…

Study snapshot

Publicationmanual · 2022

Study typeexposure_assessment

Reported directionMixed

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Modelling and Evaluating Electromagnetic Field Exposure in the Multiple-Source Scenario of Using IoT HF RFID Readers Patryk Zradziński. Modelling and Evaluating Electromagnetic Field Exposure in the Multiple-Source Scenario of Using IoT HF RFID Readers. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 10;19(6):3274. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063274. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and induced electric field (Ein) values in the model of a body of a person present near multiple HF RFID readers of a passive proximity integrated circuit card (PICC) working in an IoT application in a public transport vehicle, in order to test the hypothesis that even the simultaneous use of modelled readers does not cause electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure exceeding relevant limits provided for the evaluation of exposure of the general public. SAR and Ein values were evaluated under various exposure scenarios, designed to mimic EMF exposure under realistic conditions of HF RFID readers used on a public bus and covering various reader locations and the presence of a person using a PICC and a bystander. The results obtained from numerical modelling showed that the absorption of EMF emitted continuously by HF RFID readers (located 10 cm away from a body) in the human body may have a significant influence on humans when the PICC reading ranges are longer than 15-23 cm (depending on the class of PICC) for a single reader and when multiple sources of exposure are used in a public transport vehicle-even at reading ranges 15% shorter (13-20 cm). Open access paper: mdpi.com

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeexposure_assessment

Effect directionmixed

PopulationModel of a human body near multiple HF RFID readers in a public bus scenario (person using a PICC and a bystander)

Sample sizeNot supplied

ExposureRF · continuous emission (as stated)

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 74% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Outcomes measured

Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
Induced electric field (Ein)
Exceedance of relevant general public exposure limits (comparison/hypothesis test)
Effect of PICC reading range and multiple sources on exposure

Limitations

Numerical modelling study; no direct measurements in humans reported in the abstract.
Exact RFID operating frequency, power, and quantitative SAR/Ein values are not provided in the abstract.
The abstract does not explicitly state whether exposure limits were exceeded; it reports conditions under which influence may be significant.

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "exposure_assessment",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": "HF RFID readers (IoT application) in public transport vehicle",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "continuous emission (as stated)"
  },
  "population": "Model of a human body near multiple HF RFID readers in a public bus scenario (person using a PICC and a bystander)",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)",
    "Induced electric field (Ein)",
    "Exceedance of relevant general public exposure limits (comparison/hypothesis test)",
    "Effect of PICC reading range and multiple sources on exposure"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Numerical modelling evaluated SAR and induced electric field (Ein) for scenarios mimicking HF RFID reader use on a public bus. The modelling suggested that continuous EMF absorption may have a significant influence when PICC reading ranges exceed 15–23 cm for a single reader and, with multiple sources, even at 15% shorter ranges (13–20 cm).",
  "effect_direction": "mixed",
  "limitations": [
    "Numerical modelling study; no direct measurements in humans reported in the abstract.",
    "Exact RFID operating frequency, power, and quantitative SAR/Ein values are not provided in the abstract.",
    "The abstract does not explicitly state whether exposure limits were exceeded; it reports conditions under which influence may be significant."
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.74,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "HF RFID",
    "IoT",
    "PICC",
    "public transport",
    "bus",
    "multiple sources",
    "SAR",
    "induced electric field",
    "Ein",
    "numerical modelling",
    "general public exposure limits"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "occupational-exposure",
      "weight": 0.22,
      "reason": "Exposure scenarios involve proximity to multiple RFID readers in a public transport vehicle; could be relevant to workers/bystanders, though occupational status is not explicitly stated."
    }
  ]
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063274
PubMed: Not supplied

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