5G NR launching in Greece: Preliminary in situ and monitoring network measurements of

Bioelectromagnetics · 2024 · No effect · Low evidence

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No effectLow evidencePaper 200

Broadband and frequency-selective in situ measurements near 117 base stations operating at 5G FR1 (3400–3800 MHz) and monitoring-network data for one base station were used to assess 5G NR contribution to total E-field levels. In all cases, compliance with re…

Study snapshot

PublicationBioelectromagnetics · 2024

Study typeexposure_assessment

Reported directionNo effect

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

5G NR launching in Greece: Preliminary in situ and monitoring network measurements of electromagnetic fields exposure levels at rooftops Christopoulou MI, Kyritsi T, Yalofas A, Koutounidis D, Karabetsos E. 5G NR launching in Greece: Preliminary in situ and monitoring network measurements of electromagnetic fields exposure levels at rooftops. Bioelectromagnetics. 2024 Mar 5. doi: 10.1002/bem.22502. Highlights • In situ measurements of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure levels at rooftops, close to 117 base stations operating at 5G FR1 in Greece in order to evaluate the contribution of 5G to the total exposure. • Statistical analysis of the follow-up for inspections of the same base stations, before and after the 5G FR1 launching in Greece. • Case study of a 5G FR1 base station during its pilot and regular operation based on in situ and broadband & frequency selective 24/7 monitoring sensors measurements data. Abstract In Greece, 5G New Radio (NR) has started launching in the end of 2020, at the 3400-3800 MHz (FR1) frequency band. Focusing on 117 Base Stations (BSs) which were already equipped with 5G NR antennas, in situ broadband and frequency selective measurements have been conducted at minimum three points of interest, at adjacent rooftops (when accessible). The points have been selected according to the sweeping method and the electric field strength (E) value has been stored on the selected worst-case scenario point. Spectrum analysis was conducted in the FR1, for the allocated spectrum that corresponds to each mobile communication provider, in order to get preliminary results concerning the contribution of the 5G NR emissions in the general public exposure levels. The vast majority of the in situ measurements has been conducted in urban environments from the beginning of 2021 until the mid of 2022, since in Greece 5G NR services launching started from the big cities. Additionally, a 5G NR BS, installed in a suburban environment (in the city of Kalamata) is thoroughly investigated during its pilot and regular operation, based on broadband and frequency selective measurements data derived by the National Observatory of Electromagnetic Fields (NOEF) monitoring sensor network. In situ measurement data within the 5G NR frequency range are verified via the NOEF's output. The 5G NR contribution to the total E-field levels is assessed in time, from pilot to regular operation of the BS. In all cases, compliance with the reference levels for general public exposure is affirmed. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeexposure_assessment

Effect directionno_effect

PopulationGeneral public exposure assessment at adjacent rooftops near base stations in Greece

Sample size117

ExposureRF · In situ measurements conducted from beginning of 2021 until mid of 2022; includes 24/7 monitoring sensor data for one case-study base station

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 74% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Outcomes measured

Electric field strength (E) levels at rooftops near base stations
Contribution of 5G NR (FR1) emissions to total exposure levels
Compliance with reference levels for general public exposure
Before/after 5G FR1 launching follow-up inspections (statistical analysis)
Comparison/verification of in situ measurements with monitoring network (NOEF) outputs

Limitations

Preliminary results (as stated)
Measurements focused on rooftops adjacent to base stations (when accessible) and selected worst-case point; may not represent other microenvironments
Vast majority of measurements conducted in urban environments
One detailed case study base station for time evolution from pilot to regular operation

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "exposure_assessment",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": "base station",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "In situ measurements conducted from beginning of 2021 until mid of 2022; includes 24/7 monitoring sensor data for one case-study base station"
  },
  "population": "General public exposure assessment at adjacent rooftops near base stations in Greece",
  "sample_size": 117,
  "outcomes": [
    "Electric field strength (E) levels at rooftops near base stations",
    "Contribution of 5G NR (FR1) emissions to total exposure levels",
    "Compliance with reference levels for general public exposure",
    "Before/after 5G FR1 launching follow-up inspections (statistical analysis)",
    "Comparison/verification of in situ measurements with monitoring network (NOEF) outputs"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Broadband and frequency-selective in situ measurements near 117 base stations operating at 5G FR1 (3400–3800 MHz) and monitoring-network data for one base station were used to assess 5G NR contribution to total E-field levels. In all cases, compliance with reference levels for general public exposure was affirmed.",
  "effect_direction": "no_effect",
  "limitations": [
    "Preliminary results (as stated)",
    "Measurements focused on rooftops adjacent to base stations (when accessible) and selected worst-case point; may not represent other microenvironments",
    "Vast majority of measurements conducted in urban environments",
    "One detailed case study base station for time evolution from pilot to regular operation"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.74,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "5G NR",
    "FR1",
    "3400-3800 MHz",
    "base stations",
    "rooftops",
    "in situ measurements",
    "broadband measurements",
    "frequency selective measurements",
    "spectrum analysis",
    "electric field strength",
    "NOEF",
    "monitoring network",
    "Greece",
    "compliance",
    "general public exposure"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "5g-policy",
      "weight": 0.62,
      "reason": "Study measures 5G NR FR1 (3400–3800 MHz) base-station exposure and reports compliance with public reference levels."
    }
  ]
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1002/bem.22502
PubMed: 38444067

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