Provides a review abstract describing experimental endocrine effects, inconsistent human findings and lim…

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A Narrative Review on the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields

Below 100 kHz on the Endocrine System

2026

Abstract

Background: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs), generated

mainly by power infrastructure and household devices, have raised scientific interest

due to their potential impact on the endocrine system. Animal research consistently shows

effects on melatonin secretion, stress hormone levels, thyroid activity, and reproductive

function—largely mediated by oxidative stress and calcium ion imbalance. In contrast,

human studies remain inconsistent, often hindered by methodological limitations and

insufficient exposure characterization. Objective: This review synthesizes experimental

and epidemiological studies examining low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure

(≤100 kHz) and its influence on hormonal regulation. Methods: A bibliometric analysis

highlights focused interest on specific endocrine targets, particularly the pineal gland.

Importantly, many experimental studies use field strengths above those found near high-

voltage power lines, limiting direct applicability. Conclusions: While a definitive causal

link has not been established, the widespread exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic

fields justifies precautionary considerations. Several important research gaps remain, many

of which are identified in this review. The topic of low-frequency electromagnetic field

effects on the endocrine system requires more rigorous, long-term human studies with

accurate exposure assessment.

Keywords: electromagnetic field; endocrine system; hormones; cancer; EMF exposure