Low-power 2.45-GHz microwave radiation affects neither the vacuolar potential nor the low frequency excess noise in single cells of characean algae.

{
  "study_type": "animal",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "microwave",
    "source": null,
    "frequency_mhz": 2450,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "short-, intermediate-, and long-term irradiations"
  },
  "population": "Single cells of the eukaryotic green algae Chara braunii and Nitella flexilis",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Vacuolar potential (dc level)",
    "RMS low-frequency excess noise of vacuolar potential",
    "Membrane resistivity"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Single cells of Chara braunii and Nitella flexilis were irradiated with 2.45-GHz microwaves for short, intermediate, and long durations. No reliable radiation-correlated shifts were observed in vacuolar potential (dc level), low-frequency excess noise, or membrane resistivity, including under reduced temperature or ethacrynic acid conditions.",
  "effect_direction": "no_effect",
  "limitations": [
    "Sample size not reported in abstract",
    "Exposure level/power density or SAR not reported in abstract",
    "Details of irradiation durations and experimental protocol not provided in abstract"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.74,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "2.45 GHz",
    "microwave radiation",
    "Chara braunii",
    "Nitella flexilis",
    "vacuolar potential",
    "membrane resistivity",
    "low-frequency excess noise",
    "single-cell electrophysiology"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}