Prophylactic Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Pulmonary Ischemia-Reperfusion via HIF-1α/eNOS Pathway and BCL2/BAX Signaling.

Pulmonary circulation · 2025 · Benefit · Low evidence

← Research stream

BenefitLow evidencePaper 5899

Study snapshot

PublicationPulmonary circulation · 2025

Study typeanimal

Reported directionBenefit

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the vascular effects of a radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) applied in the lung ischemia and reperfusion (IR) model on the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (Hif-1α)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway and B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)/BCL-2 associated X protein (BAX signaling. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 10 rats: Sham, IR, IR + RF-EMF, and RF-EMF. IR was applied to rats by 60 min of clamping hilus of left lungs and 60 min of reperfusion. Rats were kept in the RF-EMF unit for 60 min with or without activation. After sacrification, lung tissues were excised for histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and genetic analyses. IR injury led to increased damage-related emphysematous findings, significant hyperemia, and increased septal tissue thickness, as observed histopathologically, and immunoexpression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and caspase-3. In addition, it was noted that the biochemical parameters total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, and genetic parameters Hif 1 α, eNOS, BAX increased, and BCL2 decreased due to IR damage. In the IR-RF-EMF group, improvement has been detected in all parameters. RF-EMF applied in the IR model exerts antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects on lung tissue damage through the Hif-1α/eNOS pathway and BCL-2/BAX signaling. The use of RF-EMF in IR damage is promising, as models that examine the long-term effects of RF-EMF at different frequencies.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeanimal

Effect directionbenefit

PopulationMale Wistar rats

Sample size40

ExposureRF · 60 min

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

In a rat lung ischemia-reperfusion model, IR increased histopathologic damage, TNF-alpha and caspase-3 immunoexpression, oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status, oxidative stress index), and Hif-1α/eNOS/BAX, while decreasing BCL2. In the IR + RF-EMF group, improvement was detected across these parameters, and the authors conclude RF-EMF had antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects via Hif-1α/eNOS and BCL2/BAX signaling.

Outcomes measured

Histopathology (emphysematous findings, hyperemia, septal tissue thickness)
Immunohistochemistry/immunoexpression (TNF-alpha, caspase-3)
Biochemical oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status, oxidative stress index)
Genetic parameters/expression (Hif-1α, eNOS, BAX, BCL2)

Limitations

RF-EMF frequency not reported in abstract
SAR/dose metrics not reported in abstract
Short exposure and acute model; long-term effects not assessed (authors note need for long-term models at different frequencies)
Animal model; generalizability to humans not established

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "animal",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": "other",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "60 min"
  },
  "population": "Male Wistar rats",
  "sample_size": 40,
  "outcomes": [
    "Histopathology (emphysematous findings, hyperemia, septal tissue thickness)",
    "Immunohistochemistry/immunoexpression (TNF-alpha, caspase-3)",
    "Biochemical oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status, oxidative stress index)",
    "Genetic parameters/expression (Hif-1α, eNOS, BAX, BCL2)"
  ],
  "main_findings": "In a rat lung ischemia-reperfusion model, IR increased histopathologic damage, TNF-alpha and caspase-3 immunoexpression, oxidative stress markers (total oxidant status, oxidative stress index), and Hif-1α/eNOS/BAX, while decreasing BCL2. In the IR + RF-EMF group, improvement was detected across these parameters, and the authors conclude RF-EMF had antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects via Hif-1α/eNOS and BCL2/BAX signaling.",
  "effect_direction": "benefit",
  "limitations": [
    "RF-EMF frequency not reported in abstract",
    "SAR/dose metrics not reported in abstract",
    "Short exposure and acute model; long-term effects not assessed (authors note need for long-term models at different frequencies)",
    "Animal model; generalizability to humans not established"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "radiofrequency electromagnetic field",
    "RF-EMF",
    "ischemia-reperfusion",
    "lung",
    "pulmonary",
    "HIF-1α",
    "eNOS",
    "BCL2",
    "BAX",
    "oxidative stress",
    "TNF-alpha",
    "caspase-3",
    "Wistar rats"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}

AI can be wrong. Always verify against the paper.

AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1002/pul2.70051
PubMed: 40469637

Read the original paper →

Related papers

← Back to the Research Library