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Comparative Study of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field, Radiation, and Temozolomide Administration in Spheroid and Monolayer Forms of the Glioblastoma Cell Line (T98).

Current radiopharmaceuticals · 2023 · Benefit · Very low evidence

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BenefitVery low evidencePaper 5810

In T98 glioma cells grown as monolayers and spheroids, radiation plus EMF increased apoptosis-related gene expression versus control (p<0.001). TMZ plus EMF increased autophagy marker gene expression versus control (p<0.001), and combined EMF+TMZ+radiation re…

Study snapshot

PublicationCurrent radiopharmaceuticals · 2023
Study typein_vitro
Reported directionBenefit
Evidence ratingVery low

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system. The patient's median survival rate is 13.5 months, so it is necessary to explore new therapeutic approaches. OBJECTIVE: Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) has been explored as a noninvasive cancer treatment. This study applied the EMF with previous conventional chemoradiotherapy for glioblastoma. METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of EMF (50 Hz, 100 G), temozolomide (TMZ), and radiation (Rad) on gene expression of T98 glioma cell lines in monolayer and spheroid cell cultures. RESULTS: Treatment with Rad and EMF significantly increased apoptosis-related gene expression compared to the control group in monolayers and spheroids (p<0.001). The expression of apoptotic-related genes in monolayers was higher than the similar spheroid groups (p<0.001). We found that treatment with TMZ and EMF could increase the gene expression of the autophagy cascade markers compared to the control group (p<0.001). Autophagy-related gene expression in spheroids was higher than in the similar monolayer group (p<0.001). We demonstrated that coadministration of EMF, TMZ, and Rad significantly reduced cell cycle and drug resistance gene expression in monolayers and spheroids (p<0.001) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The combinational use of TMZ, Rad and, EMF showed the highest antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis and autophagy signaling pathways and inhibiting cell cycle and drug resistance gene expression. Furthermore, EMF increased TMZ or radiation efficiency.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typein_vitro
Effect directionbenefit
PopulationNot supplied
Sample sizeNot supplied
ExposureELF · 0.05 MHz
Evidence strengthVery lowConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

In T98 glioma cells grown as monolayers and spheroids, radiation plus EMF increased apoptosis-related gene expression versus control (p<0.001). TMZ plus EMF increased autophagy marker gene expression versus control (p<0.001), and combined EMF+TMZ+radiation reduced cell cycle and drug resistance gene expression versus control (p<0.001).

Outcomes measured

  • Apoptosis-related gene expression
  • Autophagy cascade marker gene expression
  • Cell cycle gene expression
  • Drug resistance gene expression

Limitations

  • In vitro study in a single glioblastoma cell line (T98)
  • Outcomes are gene expression markers rather than clinical endpoints
  • Exposure duration not reported in the abstract
  • Sample size not reported in the abstract
View raw extracted JSON
{
  "study_type": "in_vitro",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "ELF",
    "source": null,
    "frequency_mhz": 0.05,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Apoptosis-related gene expression",
    "Autophagy cascade marker gene expression",
    "Cell cycle gene expression",
    "Drug resistance gene expression"
  ],
  "main_findings": "In T98 glioma cells grown as monolayers and spheroids, radiation plus EMF increased apoptosis-related gene expression versus control (p<0.001). TMZ plus EMF increased autophagy marker gene expression versus control (p<0.001), and combined EMF+TMZ+radiation reduced cell cycle and drug resistance gene expression versus control (p<0.001).",
  "effect_direction": "benefit",
  "limitations": [
    "In vitro study in a single glioblastoma cell line (T98)",
    "Outcomes are gene expression markers rather than clinical endpoints",
    "Exposure duration not reported in the abstract",
    "Sample size not reported in the abstract"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "very_low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field",
    "ELF-EMF",
    "50 Hz",
    "100 G",
    "glioblastoma",
    "T98",
    "temozolomide",
    "radiation",
    "spheroid",
    "monolayer",
    "apoptosis",
    "autophagy",
    "gene expression"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}
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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.2174/1874471016666221207163043
PubMed: 36503396

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