Assessment of RF EMF Exposure to Car Driver from Monopole Array Antennas in V2V Communications Considering Thermal Characteristics

Sensors · 2025 · No effect · Low evidence

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No effectLow evidencePaper 2643

Numerical simulations at 5.9 GHz estimated that both localized and whole-body 30 min average SAR values were below ICNIRP occupational restrictions (100 kHz to 6 GHz). In the worst-case scenario, head SAR was 0.981 W/kg and whole-body average SAR was 0.008728…

Study snapshot

PublicationSensors · 2025

Study typeexposure_assessment

Reported directionNo effect

Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Category: Electromagnetic Field Exposure Assessment Tags: RF-EMF, V2V communications, SAR, monopole antennas, vehicle exposure, thermal effects, electromagnetic safety DOI: 10.3390/s25103247 URL: mdpi.com Overview Vehicles are rapidly evolving into objects of intelligent interconnection. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications enable the interconnection between vehicles, while also leading to new electromagnetic exposure scenarios. Study Design This paper integrates a monopole array antenna into a shark-fin antenna on the car roof for V2V communications and evaluates the specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature rise of a human body in a smart mobility communication scenario operating at 5.9 GHz. - The V2V antenna is modeled and placed on a 3D vehicle model using COMSOL Multiphysics (v.6.2) to numerically estimate the SAR in the head and body regions of the human body model (adult male) inside the vehicle. Findings - Both the localized and whole-body 30 min average SAR are lower than the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) occupational restrictions for electromagnetic field exposure from 100 kHz to 6 GHz. - In the worst-case scenario, head SAR equals 0.981 W/kg (9.81% of the ICNIRP limit of 10 W/kg). - Whole-body average SAR is 0.008728 W/kg (2.18% of the ICNIRP limit of 0.4 W/kg). - The 30 min average human core temperature rise is 0.055°C (5.5% of the ICNIRP limit). Conclusion This indicates that, in typical automotive scenarios, the electromagnetic exposure from a monopole array antenna for V2V communications does not pose a threat to the human body according to existing thermal-based safety standards. 🚨 It is important to note that current ICNIRP guidelines only address thermal effects, and evidence links electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure to additional health risks not covered by these standards. This study provides knowledge related to emerging exposure scenarios in intelligent mobility communication, helpful for evaluating possible health impacts and designing public health management policies.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeexposure_assessment

Effect directionno_effect

PopulationHuman body model (adult male) inside a vehicle (numerical simulation)

Sample sizeNot supplied

ExposureRF · 5900 MHz · 0.981 W/kg · 30 min average (SAR and core temperature rise)

Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Outcomes measured

Localized SAR (head)
Whole-body average SAR
Human core temperature rise

Limitations

Numerical modeling study (COMSOL) rather than measurements in humans
Assesses thermal-related endpoints (SAR and temperature rise) and compares to ICNIRP thermal-based limits
Scenario-specific (antenna integrated into shark-fin on car roof; adult male model)

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "exposure_assessment",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": "vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications antenna (monopole array integrated into shark-fin car roof antenna)",
    "frequency_mhz": 5900,
    "sar_wkg": 0.981,
    "duration": "30 min average (SAR and core temperature rise)"
  },
  "population": "Human body model (adult male) inside a vehicle (numerical simulation)",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Localized SAR (head)",
    "Whole-body average SAR",
    "Human core temperature rise"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Numerical simulations at 5.9 GHz estimated that both localized and whole-body 30 min average SAR values were below ICNIRP occupational restrictions (100 kHz to 6 GHz). In the worst-case scenario, head SAR was 0.981 W/kg and whole-body average SAR was 0.008728 W/kg; the 30 min average core temperature rise was 0.055\u0000cC.",
  "effect_direction": "no_effect",
  "limitations": [
    "Numerical modeling study (COMSOL) rather than measurements in humans",
    "Assesses thermal-related endpoints (SAR and temperature rise) and compares to ICNIRP thermal-based limits",
    "Scenario-specific (antenna integrated into shark-fin on car roof; adult male model)"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "RF-EMF",
    "V2V communications",
    "5.9 GHz",
    "SAR",
    "monopole array antenna",
    "vehicle exposure",
    "thermal effects",
    "ICNIRP",
    "COMSOL Multiphysics"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "occupational-exposure",
      "weight": 0.6,
      "reason": "Findings are explicitly compared to ICNIRP occupational restrictions."
    },
    {
      "slug": "who-icnirp",
      "weight": 0.55,
      "reason": "ICNIRP limits are central to the assessment and conclusions."
    }
  ]
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.3390/s25103247
PubMed: Not supplied

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