RF Safe

RF-EMF Exposure Assessment: Comparison of Measurements in Airports and Flights with and Without Wi-Fi Service

Sensors · 2025 · No effect · Low evidence

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No effectLow evidencePaper 2510

Personal exposimetry on four international flights and in airport terminals measured mean Wi-Fi-band RF-EMF exposures ranging (by route) from 3.24–93.9 μW/m2 at 2.4 GHz and 1.23–46.4 μW/m2 at 5.85 GHz. All measured exposures (including at airports) were repor…

Study snapshot

PublicationSensors · 2025
Study typeexposure_assessment
Reported directionNo effect
Evidence ratingLow

Abstract

Category: Exposure Assessment Tags: RF-EMF, Wi-Fi, in-flight exposure, airport, electromagnetic fields, exposimetry, public health DOI: 10.3390/s25216710 URL: mdpi.com Overview This study presents the results of personal exposure measurements to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from 2.4 GHz and 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi frequency bands. The assessments were conducted in key transit environments: - Inside international airport terminals - During airplane takeoff and landing - Inside airplanes while flying—with and without onboard Wi-Fi service, including periods of active Wi-Fi connection use Findings - Data was collected on four international flights (Spain–Mexico and Spain–Belgium, round trips) using two personal exposimeters (EME SPY 140 and EME Spy Evolution). - Mean RF-EMF exposure (2.4 GHz Wi-Fi): - Spain to Mexico: 93.9 μW/m2 - Spain to Belgium: 7.29 μW/m2 - Mexico to Spain: 26.7 μW/m2 - Belgium to Spain: 3.24 μW/m2 - Mean RF-EMF exposure (5.85 GHz Wi-Fi): - Spain to Mexico: 46.4 μW/m2 - Spain to Belgium: 2.40 μW/m2 - Mexico to Spain: 9.87 μW/m2 - Belgium to Spain: 1.23 μW/m2 - All RF-EMF exposures measured, even those at the airport, were substantially below international reference levels (10 W/m2). Conclusion Personal exposure to RF-EMFs from Wi-Fi frequency bands inside airplanes and airports is low and far below internationally established reference limits. However, it is important to remain aware that any level of electromagnetic field exposure bears some health risk, as emerging evidence suggests a connection. Ongoing scientific monitoring and precautionary approaches are recommended for EMF safety.

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeexposure_assessment
Effect directionno_effect
PopulationNot supplied
Sample size4
ExposureRF
Evidence strengthLowConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Personal exposimetry on four international flights and in airport terminals measured mean Wi-Fi-band RF-EMF exposures ranging (by route) from 3.24–93.9 μW/m2 at 2.4 GHz and 1.23–46.4 μW/m2 at 5.85 GHz. All measured exposures (including at airports) were reported as substantially below the international reference level of 10 W/m2.

Outcomes measured

  • Personal RF-EMF exposure levels (power density) in 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band
  • Personal RF-EMF exposure levels (power density) in 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi band
  • Comparison of measured exposure vs international reference level (10 W/m2)

Limitations

  • Sample size limited to four international flights
  • Only Wi-Fi frequency bands (2.4 GHz and 5.85 GHz) assessed
  • No health outcomes measured; conclusions about health risk are not based on measured health endpoints in this study
  • Duration of measurements and detailed protocol not provided in the abstract
View raw extracted JSON
{
  "study_type": "exposure_assessment",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": "Wi-Fi (airport terminals and onboard aircraft Wi-Fi)",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": 4,
  "outcomes": [
    "Personal RF-EMF exposure levels (power density) in 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band",
    "Personal RF-EMF exposure levels (power density) in 5.85 GHz Wi-Fi band",
    "Comparison of measured exposure vs international reference level (10 W/m2)"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Personal exposimetry on four international flights and in airport terminals measured mean Wi-Fi-band RF-EMF exposures ranging (by route) from 3.24–93.9 μW/m2 at 2.4 GHz and 1.23–46.4 μW/m2 at 5.85 GHz. All measured exposures (including at airports) were reported as substantially below the international reference level of 10 W/m2.",
  "effect_direction": "no_effect",
  "limitations": [
    "Sample size limited to four international flights",
    "Only Wi-Fi frequency bands (2.4 GHz and 5.85 GHz) assessed",
    "No health outcomes measured; conclusions about health risk are not based on measured health endpoints in this study",
    "Duration of measurements and detailed protocol not provided in the abstract"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "low",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "RF-EMF",
    "Wi-Fi",
    "in-flight exposure",
    "airport",
    "exposimetry",
    "personal exposure measurements",
    "2.4 GHz",
    "5.85 GHz",
    "EME SPY 140",
    "EME Spy Evolution"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "school-wi-fi",
      "weight": 0.25,
      "reason": "Study assesses Wi-Fi-band RF-EMF exposure, though not in schools."
    }
  ]
}
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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.3390/s25216710
PubMed: Not supplied

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