Next-generation compact antenna for robust defense and CubeSat communication.

Scientific reports · 2026 · Unclear · Insufficient evidence

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UnclearInsufficient evidencePaper 2396

A miniaturized ultra-wideband antenna designed in CST Microwave Studio and realized on an FR4 substrate demonstrated measured performance across 3.4–14 GHz, including peak gain of 4.56 dBi, return loss of −28 dB, and radiation efficiency of 82.9%, with stable…

Study snapshot

PublicationScientific reports · 2026

Study typeengineering

Reported directionUnclear

Evidence ratingInsufficient

Abstract

The article presents a miniaturized ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna tailored for modern defense and small satellite communication requirements. Designed and optimized using CST Microwave Studio, the antenna delivers superior electromagnetic performance across both Sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave frequency ranges. Realized on an FR4 substrate with overall dimensions of 10 × 12 × 1.5 mm³, the prototype achieves an impressive operating bandwidth of 3.4-14 GHz, equivalent to an impedance bandwidth of 121.8%. The measured results highlight a peak gain of 4.56 dBi, a return loss of -28 dB, and a radiation efficiency of 82.9%, ensuring reliable performance over a broad spectrum. With an electrical size of 0.113λ × 0.136λ × 0.017λ, the proposed design demonstrates remarkable compactness while maintaining stable radiation patterns and high efficiency. These characteristics make the antenna a strong candidate for resilient, interference-resistant, and high-performance applications in defense systems and CubeSat missions.

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AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeengineering

Effect directionunclear

PopulationNot supplied

Sample sizeNot supplied

Exposuremicrowave

Evidence strengthInsufficientConfidence: 74% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Outcomes measured

Antenna operating bandwidth (3.4–14 GHz; 121.8% impedance bandwidth)
Peak gain (4.56 dBi)
Return loss (-28 dB)
Radiation efficiency (82.9%)
Radiation pattern stability
Antenna size/dimensions (10×12×1.5 mm³; electrical size 0.113λ×0.136λ×0.017λ)

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "engineering",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "microwave",
    "source": "other",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Antenna operating bandwidth (3.4–14 GHz; 121.8% impedance bandwidth)",
    "Peak gain (4.56 dBi)",
    "Return loss (-28 dB)",
    "Radiation efficiency (82.9%)",
    "Radiation pattern stability",
    "Antenna size/dimensions (10×12×1.5 mm³; electrical size 0.113λ×0.136λ×0.017λ)"
  ],
  "main_findings": "A miniaturized ultra-wideband antenna designed in CST Microwave Studio and realized on an FR4 substrate demonstrated measured performance across 3.4–14 GHz, including peak gain of 4.56 dBi, return loss of −28 dB, and radiation efficiency of 82.9%, with stable radiation patterns and compact electrical size.",
  "effect_direction": "unclear",
  "limitations": [],
  "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
  "confidence": 0.74,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna",
    "Sub-6 GHz",
    "millimeter-wave",
    "CubeSat",
    "defense communications",
    "CST Microwave Studio",
    "FR4 substrate",
    "bandwidth",
    "gain",
    "return loss",
    "radiation efficiency"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": []
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-37874-4
PubMed: 41652015

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