Design and Calibration of a mm-Wave Personal Exposure Meter for 5G Exposure Assessment in Indoor Diffuse Environments

2018 · Unclear · Insufficient evidence

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UnclearInsufficient evidencePaper 2042

Study snapshot

Publicationmanual · 2018

Study typeengineering

Reported directionUnclear

Evidence ratingInsufficient

Abstract

Design and Calibration of a mm-Wave Personal Exposure Meter for 5G Exposure Assessment in Indoor Diffuse Environments Aminzadeh R, Khadir Fall A, Sol J, Thielens A, Besnier P, Zhadobov M, De Geeter N, Vasudevan PP, Dupré L, Van Holen R, Martens L, Wout J. Design and Calibration of a mm-Wave Personal Exposure Meter for 5G Exposure Assessment in Indoor Diffuse Environments. Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves. pp 1-19. Published Online: 23 August 2018. Abstract For the first time, a mm-wave personal exposure meter (mm-PEM) for the 5th generation of mobile networks (5G) exposure assessment in indoor diffuse fields is presented. The design is based on simulations and on- phantom calibration measurements in a mm-wave reverberation chamber (RC) at 60 GHz. The mm-PEM consists of an array of nine antennas on the body. Using the mm-PEM, the incident power density (IPD) is measured in the unloaded RC, for the antenna(s) on the phantom and RC loaded with phantom. The uncertainty of the mm- PEM is then determined in terms of its response, which is defined as the ratio of antenna aperture for the above measurement scenarios. Using nine antennas, the designed meter has a response of 1.043 (0.17 dB) at 60 GHz, which is very close to 1 (0 dB), the desired ideal response value. The mm-PEM measured an IPD of 96.6 W m− 2 at 60 GHz in the RC, for an input power of 1 W. In addition, the average absorption cross-section of the phantom is determined as 225 cm2, which is an excellent agreement with its physical dimensions. Conclusion A mm-wave personal exposure meter (mm-PEM) is designed for assessment of personal exposure to 5G in indoor diffuse environments. The mm-PEM is calibrated on a skin-equivalent phantom in a reverberation chamber (RC) in the range of 59.5 to 60.5 GHz. We showed that increasing the number of antennas up to nine, a response of 1.043 at 60 GHz is obtained. This response is very close to 1, which is the desired response of the mm-PEM; so, the mm-PEM can measure the IPD in free space but in the presence of human body. The response of the mm-PEM in diffuse fields is also determined in terms of numerical simulations using the FDTD. Good agreement between measurements and simulations is achieved. According to the results, we recommend to calibrate the mm-PEM in the loaded RC. The average absorption cross-section of the skin phantom is determined as 225 cm2 from the measurements, which is in excellent agreement with the physical geometry of the phantom. Future research includes design of acquisition nodes (antenna and receiver electronics) for the mm-PEM to measure the IPD directly. Additionally, the calibrations will be performed on a cylindrical or spherical phantom to study the effect of body shadowing on the response of the designed mm-PEM and to design a distributed exposure meter for the mm-waves. link.springer.com

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AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeengineering

Effect directionunclear

PopulationNot supplied

Sample sizeNot supplied

ExposuremmWave · 60000 MHz

Evidence strengthInsufficientConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

A mm-wave personal exposure meter with nine on-body antennas was designed and calibrated on a skin-equivalent phantom in a reverberation chamber around 60 GHz. The reported response was 1.043 (0.17 dB) at 60 GHz (close to the ideal value of 1), and the meter measured an IPD of 96.6 W/m^2 at 60 GHz in the chamber for 1 W input power; the phantom absorption cross-section was estimated as 225 cm^2 with good agreement to physical dimensions and simulations.

Outcomes measured

Design of a mm-wave personal exposure meter (mm-PEM) for 5G exposure assessment
Calibration performance/response of mm-PEM in indoor diffuse fields (reverberation chamber)
Incident power density (IPD) measurement capability at 60 GHz
Absorption cross-section estimation of a skin-equivalent phantom
Agreement between measurements and FDTD simulations

Limitations

Focuses on instrument design/calibration rather than health outcomes
Calibration performed on a skin-equivalent phantom; human/body-shadowing effects noted as future work
Calibration frequency range limited to 59.5–60.5 GHz
Indoor diffuse-field (reverberation chamber) scenario; may not generalize to other environments

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "engineering",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "mmWave",
    "source": "5G",
    "frequency_mhz": 60000,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": null
  },
  "population": null,
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Design of a mm-wave personal exposure meter (mm-PEM) for 5G exposure assessment",
    "Calibration performance/response of mm-PEM in indoor diffuse fields (reverberation chamber)",
    "Incident power density (IPD) measurement capability at 60 GHz",
    "Absorption cross-section estimation of a skin-equivalent phantom",
    "Agreement between measurements and FDTD simulations"
  ],
  "main_findings": "A mm-wave personal exposure meter with nine on-body antennas was designed and calibrated on a skin-equivalent phantom in a reverberation chamber around 60 GHz. The reported response was 1.043 (0.17 dB) at 60 GHz (close to the ideal value of 1), and the meter measured an IPD of 96.6 W/m^2 at 60 GHz in the chamber for 1 W input power; the phantom absorption cross-section was estimated as 225 cm^2 with good agreement to physical dimensions and simulations.",
  "effect_direction": "unclear",
  "limitations": [
    "Focuses on instrument design/calibration rather than health outcomes",
    "Calibration performed on a skin-equivalent phantom; human/body-shadowing effects noted as future work",
    "Calibration frequency range limited to 59.5–60.5 GHz",
    "Indoor diffuse-field (reverberation chamber) scenario; may not generalize to other environments"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "mm-wave",
    "mmWave",
    "5G",
    "personal exposure meter",
    "exposure assessment",
    "incident power density",
    "reverberation chamber",
    "phantom calibration",
    "60 GHz",
    "FDTD",
    "indoor diffuse fields"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "5g-policy",
      "weight": 0.3,
      "reason": "Study concerns 5G mmWave exposure assessment instrumentation (60 GHz)."
    }
  ]
}

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AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.1007/s10762-018-0533-z
PubMed: Not supplied

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