Frequency-Selective and Broadband Measurements of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field Levels in the University Campus

2024 · Unclear · Insufficient evidence

← Research stream

UnclearInsufficient evidencePaper 1280

Study snapshot

Publicationmanual · 2024

Study typeexposure_assessment

Reported directionUnclear

Evidence ratingInsufficient

Abstract

Frequency-Selective and Broadband Measurements of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field Levels in the University Campus Berisha D, Berzati HM, Dobruna J, Fazliu ZL, Ibrani M. Frequency-Selective and Broadband Measurements of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field Levels in the University Campus. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 115, 47-55, 2024. doi:10.2528/PIERL23102704. Abstract Characterization of radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure levels is considered crucial for green and sustainable wireless-empowered campuses. To investigate the university campus electromagnetic characteristics, we conducted concurrent environment-oriented and human-centric measurement campaigns with broadband and frequency selective methodologies, respectively. The broadband results are derived after processing samples of 6-minute averages of measured electric and magnetic field values, taken at various university indoor and outdoor spots using broadband survey meter. Comparative analysis of broadband measurements shows that campus outdoor electric field levels in the sub 3 GHz band average around 1.67 V/m are at least twice higher than the ones recorded in indoor environments such as dormitories, labs, and classrooms. Students' exposure pattern in the 88 MHz-6 GHz range is derived after post-processing of more than 340 thousand electric field samples which were taken every 5 seconds at various campus environments using narrowband frequency selective measurement equipment. The comparison of cumulative distribution functions per wireless technology and environment shows that Wi-Fi is the main contributor to students' personal exposure levels in indoor environments and exceeds the 2G-5G mobile communication emitted electric fields in campus outdoor environments. The presented results can be used for exposure-aware heterogeneous network planning and optimization in university campuses or comparable environments. Open access paper: jpier.org

Machine Enhanced Logic

AI evidence extraction

Structured fields below were generated from the paper’s abstract and metadata to make the evidence easier to inspect. Automated extraction may be incomplete or incorrect; verify important details against the original paper.

Study typeexposure_assessment

Effect directionunclear

PopulationStudents (personal exposure measurements)

Sample sizeNot supplied

ExposureRF · Broadband: 6-minute averages; Personal (frequency-selective): samples every 5 seconds (88 MHz–6 GHz)

Evidence strengthInsufficientConfidence: 78% · Peer reviewed: yes

Main findings

Broadband measurements indicated that campus outdoor electric field levels in the sub-3 GHz band averaged about 1.67 V/m and were at least twice those recorded indoors (dormitories, labs, classrooms). Frequency-selective personal measurements (88 MHz–6 GHz; >340,000 samples) suggested Wi‑Fi was the main contributor to students’ indoor personal exposure and exceeded 2G–5G-emitted electric fields in campus outdoor environments.

Outcomes measured

Electric field levels (V/m)
Magnetic field values (broadband, unspecified units)
Personal RF exposure by wireless technology (Wi‑Fi vs 2G–5G)
Indoor vs outdoor RF exposure comparison

Limitations

No sample size or number of participants reported in the abstract
Measurement locations and sampling scheme details (e.g., number of spots, duration per spot) not fully specified in the abstract
Health outcomes not assessed; study focuses on exposure characterization

View raw extracted JSON

{
  "study_type": "exposure_assessment",
  "exposure": {
    "band": "RF",
    "source": "university campus (indoor/outdoor); Wi‑Fi; 2G–5G mobile communications",
    "frequency_mhz": null,
    "sar_wkg": null,
    "duration": "Broadband: 6-minute averages; Personal (frequency-selective): samples every 5 seconds (88 MHz–6 GHz)"
  },
  "population": "Students (personal exposure measurements)",
  "sample_size": null,
  "outcomes": [
    "Electric field levels (V/m)",
    "Magnetic field values (broadband, unspecified units)",
    "Personal RF exposure by wireless technology (Wi‑Fi vs 2G–5G)",
    "Indoor vs outdoor RF exposure comparison"
  ],
  "main_findings": "Broadband measurements indicated that campus outdoor electric field levels in the sub-3 GHz band averaged about 1.67 V/m and were at least twice those recorded indoors (dormitories, labs, classrooms). Frequency-selective personal measurements (88 MHz–6 GHz; >340,000 samples) suggested Wi‑Fi was the main contributor to students’ indoor personal exposure and exceeded 2G–5G-emitted electric fields in campus outdoor environments.",
  "effect_direction": "unclear",
  "limitations": [
    "No sample size or number of participants reported in the abstract",
    "Measurement locations and sampling scheme details (e.g., number of spots, duration per spot) not fully specified in the abstract",
    "Health outcomes not assessed; study focuses on exposure characterization"
  ],
  "evidence_strength": "insufficient",
  "confidence": 0.78,
  "peer_reviewed_likely": "yes",
  "keywords": [
    "radio frequency",
    "RF-EMF",
    "exposure assessment",
    "frequency-selective measurements",
    "broadband measurements",
    "university campus",
    "indoor",
    "outdoor",
    "Wi‑Fi",
    "2G",
    "3G",
    "4G",
    "5G",
    "88 MHz–6 GHz",
    "sub-3 GHz",
    "electric field"
  ],
  "suggested_hubs": [
    {
      "slug": "school-wi-fi",
      "weight": 0.78,
      "reason": "Finds Wi‑Fi is the main contributor to students’ personal exposure in indoor campus environments."
    }
  ]
}

AI can be wrong. Always verify against the paper.

AI-extracted fields are generated from the abstract and metadata and may be incomplete or incorrect. This material is for informational purposes and is not medical advice.

Identifiers and source

DOI: 10.2528/pierl23102704
PubMed: Not supplied

Read the original paper →

Related papers

← Back to the Research Library